India

Human Development of India

Page 1

  • Presentation by Sebastian and Marco

Page 2: Geography of India

  • Continent: Asia (South Asia)

  • Neighboring Countries:

    • North: China, Nepal, Bhutan

    • West: Pakistan

    • East: Bangladesh, Myanmar

    • South: Sri Lanka (across the Palk Strait)

  • Geographical Features:

    • Himalayan Mountains: Located in the north and northeast

    • Thar Desert: Situated in the northwest

    • Western and Eastern Ghats: Form the western and eastern coastlines

Page 3: Demographics and Economy

  • Capital: New Delhi

  • Official Languages: Hindi, English (plus 21 other recognized languages)

  • Population: Over 1.4 billion (as of 2023)

  • Economy: 5th largest in the world by nominal GDP

Page 4: Level of Development (I)

  • Human Development Index (HDI):

    • HDI (2021): 0.633

    • Rank: 132 out of 191 (Medium human development)

  • Life Expectancy: 67.2 years

  • GNI per Capita (PPP): $6,590

  • Poverty Rate (2022): 10.7%

  • Employment Sectors:

    • Primary: 45%

    • Secondary: 25%

    • Tertiary: 30%

Page 5: Level of Development (II)

  • Unemployment Rate: 7-8%

    • ~80% of workers in informal jobs

  • Social Indicators:

    • Literacy Rate: 77% (Male: 84.7%, Female: 70.3%)

    • Urban Population: 35% of total population

Page 6: Historical Context of HDI Development

  • 1947–1980s:

    • Low HDI due to poverty, low literacy, and poor healthcare post-independence

  • 1990s:

    • 1991 economic reforms boosted GDP and reduced poverty

    • HDI: 0.428 (low)

  • 2000s–2010s:

    • 2000 HDI: 0.496

    • 2010 HDI: 0.581

    • Improvements in health, education, and employment

  • 2021: HDI rose to 0.633

Page 7: Current Development Factors

  • Resources:

    • Rich in agriculture and minerals

    • Energy largely relies on coal

    • Issues: Water scarcity and deforestation

  • Education:

    • Challenges include poor education quality in rural areas, high dropout rates, and skill gaps

  • Economy Issues:

    • Poverty and weak infrastructure persist

Page 8: Population Demographics (2020)

  • Population Pyramid:

    • Shape: Wide base indicates a large youth population, suggesting potential for a demographic dividend

  • Child Mortality Rate: Approximately 34 per 1,000 live births (2021)

Page 9: Impact of Demographics on Development

  • Economic Potential: Large youth population can drive growth if educated and employed

  • Social Strain: High dependency ratio can challenge resources and healthcare systems

Page 10: Political Context

  • Democracy Index: Rank (2021): 46th (flawed democracy)

  • Corruption Index: CPI (2022): 85th out of 180 countries, score of 40

  • Human Rights Issues: Concerns regarding freedom of speech, minority rights, and political dissent

  • Gender Equality: Global Gender Gap Index (2022): 135th out of 146 countries

  • Political Challenges: Impact on social issues, including corruption, human rights, and gender equality

Page 11: Problems Facing Development

  • Health Issues:

    • HIV/AIDS: ~2.1 million living with HIV, high prevalence in certain states

    • Other illnesses: High rates of tuberculosis, malaria, and rising non-communicable diseases

  • Climate Change: Vulnerable to heatwaves, floods, and droughts affecting agriculture

  • Environmental Hazards: Major cities among the most polluted globally

  • Conflict and Security: Internal conflicts in Kashmir and northeast, border tensions with Pakistan and China

  • Economic Inequality: Significant poverty persists despite economic growth

Page 12: Addressing Underdevelopment

  • Reasons for Development:

    • Economic growth from a strong services sector (IT, telecommunications)

    • Demographic advantage with a young population driving productivity

    • Government initiatives for poverty alleviation and infrastructure

  • Reasons for Underdevelopment:

    • Poverty and inequality

    • Corruption affecting governance

    • Infrastructure gaps, especially in rural areas

    • Education inequality with uneven access and quality

  • Ways Out:

    • Improve education access and quality

    • Invest in infrastructure

    • Combat corruption through transparency and accountability

Page 13: Conclusion

  • Final Note: Thank you for your attention!