Albrecht Durer: artist of the Northern Renaissance; âAdam and Eveâ, âFeast of the Rosaryâ, âAdoration of the Magiâ
Boccaccio: an important humanist that wrote about the Black Plague and basic Christian values in his work âDecameron:â
Brunelleschi: artist of the Italian Renaissance; âDome of the Duomoâ, Interior of San Lorenzo
Castiglione: wrote about the certain ideals expected by the aristocratic and that women are only supposed to please men in his work âThe Book of the Courtierâ
Christine de Pizan: doesnât think that women and men are equal but does say that women are intelligent; in her work âThe Book of the City of Ladiesâ she does prose works in the defense of women
Da Vinci: an artist of the Italian Renaissance; âThe Last Supperâ
Dante: wrote âDivine Comedyâ about a soulâs progression into salvation
Dias: a Portuguese explorer best known for being the first European to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa, which he named the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco de Gama: was the first person to go to India by sailing around Africa
Columbus: expedition to the âNew World"
Magellan: a Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition around the world in 1519
Donatello: an artist of the Italian Renaissance; âDavid"
El Greco: used of elongated figures, intense colors, and otherworldly settings; "The Burial of the Count of Orgaz", "View of Toledo". "The Burial of the Count of Orgaz"
Avignon Papacy: when the popes were in Avignon, France instead of Rome. This was due to political turmoil in Italy and conflicts between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. During this time, seven popes ruled from Avignon and the papacy became increasingly influenced by the French monarchy. The Avignon Papacy ended with the election of Pope Gregory XI who returned the papacy to Rome.
Flagellants: people during the time of the Black Plague that believed that whipping themselves would cure the disease
Chiaroscuro: an art technique that uses strong contrasts between light and dark to create a sense of depth and volume in a two-dimensional artwork. It is commonly used in drawing, painting, and printmaking to create dramatic and realistic effects.
Civic humanism is a political ideology that emerged in the Renaissance in Italy, which emphasized the importance of active citizenship and public service. It was based on the belief that individuals had a responsibility to participate in the political life of their communities and to use their talents and education to promote the common good. This ideology was influential in the development of republicanism and the idea of the citizen-state in early modern Europe.
Columbian Exchange: the exchange of goods, diseases, and people between the âOld Worldâ and the âNew Worldâ
Spanish Inquisition: led by Kind Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain âprotect the Catholic faithâ; they rooted out people of any religion other than Roman Catholic
Juan Luis Vives: father of modern psycholoclose friend of Sir Thomas More.
Erasmus: father of Northern Humanism talked about how corrupt the Church was; wrote âPraise of Follyâ which ended up being on the Churchâs list of prohibited books; also wrote âEducation of a Christian Princeâ which said that a prince should only have a moral obligation to the people he rules
Concert of Europe
After the French Revolution, the ideals were spreading across Europe and the leaders of the European countries were getting nervous
Prince Kelmens von Metternich was an Austrian foreign minister and was the host for the Congress of Vienna
He was against nationalism and liberalism, so he only really believed in conservatism
Principle of Legitimacy: restored the monarchies in the countries
Ex: Bourbon rulers returned to their thrones in Naples and Spain
Wanted to weaken France enough so that it wonât wage wars against other countries but donât want to weaken it to the point that France will be humiliated and antagonized (starting a war)
German Confederation created, dominated by Austria
Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of Piedmont and Savoy
Congress of Vienna created a balance of power that lasted until unification of Germany until 1871
First significant experiment in collective security
Whenever there was a revolt or discontent, the Congress of Vienna would squash it without addressing the actual issue that the revolt was about
This led to a lot of resentment building up
All of this led to:
Uprisings in Spain and Italy
Squashed by Metternich and the Congress of Vienna
Repression in Germany
Student associations wanted liberal reforms and a united Germany
Metternich convinced the German states to make the Carlsbad Decrees. They censored everything and used the secret police to harass dissidents
The December Revolt in Russia
Tsar Alexander I died
A group of army officers rebelled
Nicolas I (Alexanderâs successor) ruthlessly suppressed the Decembrists
Nicolas has a very oppressive regime
Russia became Europeâs most powerful reactionary stronghold
Romanticism
REACTION TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT
âWell, using logic and reason caused us to be in these poor conditions.â
They completely swung toward the opposite side
Inspired a desire for freedom of thought, feeling, and action
Rejected reason, and instead focused on acting upon emotion
Looked to the medieval period for models of chivalrous heroes, miraculous events, and unsolved mysteries
Contemplated the beauty of nature
Believed in a loving, personal God
Helped cause Greek Independence
Great Britain, France, and Russia helped the Greeks because they wanted to extend their influence in the Balkans
The Greeks were revolting against the Ottoman Empire
Unit 9: Interwar Years and World War II
The Great Depression: severe worldwide economic depression; had devastating effects on the global economy, leading to widespread unemployment, poverty, and hunger; contributed to the rise of authoritarian regimes and the outbreak of World War II
Dawes Plan: a plan where the U.S. gave Germany $2.5 Billion in loans, Germany would give the Allies $2.0 Billion in Reparation payments, and the Allies would give $2.6 Billion in War Debt payments