A&P Final
Chapter 1: A&P Basics
What is homeostasis?
Understand the difference between positive/negative feedback; be able to distinguish between the two in an example.
Chapter 3: The Cell
Characteristics of facilitated diffusion vs. active transport? What is osmosis? What causes osmosis? What is normal plasma osmolarity? How do hyper, hypo, and iso-osmotic solutions affect osmosis? Be able to apply your knowledge to a clinical scenario such as the examples we covered in class. (Remember the osmolarity of distilled water is zero!) Role of the Na+/K+ pump? Is it an example of active or passive transport?
Chapter 4: Tissues
What are the 4 basic types of tissues in the human body? Which of these is the most diverse and abundant? General locations of epithelial tissue?
Chapter 5: Skin
Most superficial layer of the epidermis? Deepest layer? Where do keratinocytes that make up most of the epidermis come from?
Formation of Vitamin D (Steps and organs involved)
Burns: types and characteristics of these types (what part(s) of the skin are involved) What are the most immediate, life-threatening risks associated with burns?
Cancer: types, characteristics (most common type? Most dangerous type?)
Chapter 6: Bone
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Types of cells found in bone. What is the function of each?
Name and understand the process used to form the majority of the fetal human skeleton.
What is appositional growth? Does this occur in both children and adults?
Site of bone growth in length? What is this process called?
What is an epiphyseal plate –vs- line? What is each made of?
Wolff’s Law of Bone.
What is the effect of PTH –vs- calcitonin? What triggers the release of each?
Chapter 10: Skeletal Muscle
What is a sarcomere? What is its role in muscle contraction? How does a sarcomere shorten (what moves?) What are the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, calcium, actin and myosin in muscle contraction?
What type of neuron stimulates skeletal muscle contraction?
What is the NMJ? Structure of the NMJ: What are the 2 types of cells that form it? What is the neurotransmitter, and what type of receptor is needed?
Steps involved in muscle contraction?
What is required for relaxation of the muscle?
What happens if AchE is inhibited? Spastic vs flaccid paralysis
Chapters 11, 12: Nervous Tissue, Brain
What are the two cell types in the nervous system, and what is the main difference in their function?
How do neurons communicate? What are the general functions of each types of glial cells?
Divisions of the nervous system
Components of the CNS
Subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system: general role of sensory –vs- motor components. (Remember sensory nerves into the CNS and motor nerves out of the CNS are part of the PNS!)
Gray matter and white matter: what makes up each?
Basics of an action potential:
RMP: is it negative or positive?
Depolarization is caused primarily by what ion, moving in what direction? (into/out of the cell)
Repolarization is caused primarily by what ion, moving in what direction? (into/out of the cell)
What is action potential conduction called in a myelinated axon? In an unmyelinated axon? Which is faster?
What are the 3 protective membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord?
What are the 4 main regions of the brain?
Know general functions of each of the following:
Cerebrum:
Cortex: Frontal lobe: prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, motor association area
Parietal lobe: What type of information is received and interpreted here? Role of the primary somatosensory cortex and the somatosensory association area.
Temporal lobe: General functions?
Occipital lobe: General functions?
Limbic System: Parts? Functions of each part? Types of amnesia?
Diencephalon: Parts? General functions of each?
Brainstem: Parts? Functions of the medulla oblongata?
Cerebellum: General function?
Chapters 13, 14: Spinal Cord, ANS
Spinal nerves vs cranial nerves: # of pairs of each? Are they part of the CNS or PNS? Are spinal nerves sensory, motor or mixed nerves?
Where does the spinal cord begin and end? Cauda equina? Lumbar puncture site?
Where is CSF located?
Grey matter: what is it made of? Names and functions of the different horns?
White matter: what is it made of? Ascending and descending tracts: Sensory or motor? Be able to identify a tract as being ascending or descending. Which tract is responsible for fine motor control of all skeletal muscles below the neck?
What type of information is carried in ventral and dorsal roots? (therefore, what would be affected if they were damaged?)
Know the nerve plexuses, and the general areas innervated by each one.
Results of spinal cord transection (>C4, T1-L1)
ANS: CNS or PNS? Divisions? Characteristics and nicknames of each? Effector tissues?
Characteristics of pre/postganglionic fibers in each division; location of cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in each division; cranial nerves which carry PSNS fibers; neurotransmitters released and receptors for those neurotransmitters. Understand the typical SNS pathway, and the SNS pathways to the adrenal gland and the sweat gland. Know and understand the effects listed in the “ANS Effects” chart, as well as the receptors that mediate those effects. Dual innervation: what is it? Exceptions?