European history

key words

==democracy:== everyone has the power. people elect leaders regularly eg. Ireland

==dictatorship:== one person rules the country how they see fit.eg. north Korea

==fascism== :

is dictatorships- rule by one it controls the press, radio
uses censorship(decides what people read/hear)&propaganda
extreme nationalism(foster hatred towards other nationalities)
uses voidance to achieve its aim
anti communist.

==communism==

communism: communist believed in the overthrow of factory owners and landlords
they want to abolish private ownership of property, because they believe this causes people to get richer and some to be poorer
they preferred state (government) control industry and agriculture

==democracy==

government elected by the people
free press , radio and media
free speech
respect for the law

==Main ideas of fascism==

^^extreme nationalism^^

fascists believed in glorifying the nation and in expanding its power even to the extent of creating great empires

^^cult of wise leader^^

fascists believed that the leader knew what was the best for the country and the people
he had to be obeyed at all times

^^Hostility (opposition) to democracy^^

fascist said that the democracy and free speech led to weak government

^^Strong opposition to communism and socialism^^

fascist thought that the communist were trying to take over the world

^^Racism^^

fascist believed that their race was superior to other
they wanted to exclude certain races especially the Jews from their countries

==how did Hitler & the Nazis gain power in Germany==

Hitler joined the German workers’ party after ww1
he soon took over the leadership and renamed it the Nazi party
during the 1920s the Nazi party was small but in 1929 when the great depression hit, the Nazi party grew in popularity
The Nazi party became the largest party in Reichstag( German parliament)
in 1933 Hitler became chancellor (prime minister) of Germany

^^life in fascist Germany^^

as soon as Hitler become chancellor, he called a general election for march 1933
when a Dutch communist set fire to the Reichstag(parliament) building Hitler used this as an excuse to ban the communist party
he also gave extra power to the police
after the election Hitler passed enabling law in 1933, which allowed him to rule by decree(dictate orders, he is sole leader)
Hitler banned all political parties except the Nazi party. this meant there was no opposition to question his leadership/policies
trade union were banned( no workers right)

^^Creating a police state^^

Hitler created a police state;

the ss &the gestapo (secret police) could arrest anyone read mail etc
judges had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler
informs were encouraged to spy on their families
radio/cinema controlled
anyone who opposed Hitler were rounded up and put into concentration camps such as Dachau
within a short period of time Hitler had created a dictatorship
see map p259 textbook

^^Night of the long knives^^

Hitler decides to eliminate the SA because they threatened his power
SA led by Ernest Rohm
on the 30th June 1934(known as the night of long knives) Hitler used SS to kill the leadership of the SA
Hitler now had complete control
in august 1934 when president Hindenburg died, Hitler combined the role of president and chancellor as one office.

Hitler became der fuher(the leader)

==Live under Nazi==

^^what is propaganda?^^

$information that has been designed to influence the attitudes of the general public$
it is generally biased often to appeals to the emotion( fear, anger loyalty) & may even be made up
joseph Goebbels was appointed minister for national enlighten and propaganda.
he was in charge of the press radio cinema theater and art
newspaper editors had to keep out of the papers’ %%anything which in any manner misleading to the public, tends to weaken the strength of German Reich(empire) or offend the honor and dignity of Germany’%%
book burnings took place to destroy any books which disagreed with Nazism
Goebbels provided cheep radios(the people’s radio) so that they can listen to broadcasts to Hitler’s speeches.
He installed loudspeaker on the streets to ensure that more people could hear the speeches

^^Cult of personality^^

a cult of personality was developed around Hitler
he was glorified as the fuhrer
posters of him appeared all over Germany.
specials festivals such as Hitler’s birthday(20th April 1889) were introduced
“ heil Hitler“ was used as a salute or greeting

^^Nuremberg rallies/torch light parades^^

Gaunt rallies in Nuremberg-the Nuremberg rallies and torchlight parades were used as propaganda occasions

the Olympic games in berlin in 1936 were used as a Nazi showcase was used as an opportunity to represent Germany as a flourishing nation to the outside world

==Women in Nazi Germany==

the Nazis promoted the ideal role for women as mothers with large families
they promoted kinder, kuche, kirche (children, kitchen, church)
women in state jobs: teachers/civil servants were sacked
women were encouraged not to smoke/wear make-up
women attended “ mother’s school”
Nazis wanted to increase the birth rate, so they offered loans on the basis that the “future wife has spent 6 month in employment & the future wife gives up her job

the birth rate was also increased by offering maternity benefits and medals to women who had a large families

==Life for Jews in Nazi Germany==

racist ideas the Nazis
the Nazis believed the Germans were the pure blooded Aryan-race the master rate
they claimed they were superior race to inferiors Jews & others
Jewish children were badly treated in school, newspapers spread stories about Jews
Hitler had a great hatred for Jews ( Anti-Semitism)
he used the power of the government to prosecute them and Goebbels used propaganda films to increase racist feeling in Germany
Jewish shops were boycotted in 1933
Jews were banned from civil services, universities and journalism
the Nuremberg laws were passed in 1935

==laws against Jews==

marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindered blood were forbadever
Jews were not allowed to attend German school and attended Jewish schools
Jews over 6 years old had to war the yellow star $star of David$ in public
Jews were banned from all theaters, shows concerts and lectures halls, museums sport field and bathing areas
in 1939 Jews were not permitted to own shops or engage in trade

==Kristallnacht Night of broken glass==

in 1938 when a polish Jew killed a German diplomat (politician) , this was used as an excuse for a night of violence against Jewish people
on the ^^10th November in the night of broken glass, Jewish shops synagogues were attacked^^
90 Jews were killed other arrested and sent to concentration camps

Hitler insisted that a fine be imposed on the community to pay for the damage. by 1939, over half of Germany’s 600000 Jews had emigrated to other countries \n

==Life for Catholics in Nazi Germany==

hitler saw the catholic church as being loyal to another leader, the pope
he closed catholic schools & catholic youth movement
catholic priests were harassed & arrestet
Hitler set up a protestant national church, but most protestants didn’t agree with it

==Life for workers==

Hitler promised “work for all so when he came to power in 1933 , he began “ ^^battel for work^^” to eliminate unemployment
in @@1933@@ 6 million unemployed @@1939@@ zero unemployment.
how did Hitler achieved this ?
\
1. work provided in public work schemes to build motorways ( autobahns) and housing schemes.
\
1. Rearmament began: ships submarines planes and arms were manufactured for the expanding German armed forces.( Rearmament was banned under the treaty of Versailles after ww1 , but Hitler ignores this)

the Nazi set up

a) strength through joy: an organization to organize leisure activates for the workers
b) beauty of labor to improve working conditions such as better lighting and canteen food
Hitler expanded the motor industry: he encouraged the design and manufacture of the Volkswagen( the people’s car)