Unit 3 test cpush

Queen Liliuokalani: Queen of the Hawaiian Islands; she opposed annexation by the United States but lost power in a U.S.-supported revolt, which led to the installation of a new government in Hawaii.

Imperialism: the policy of extending a nation’s authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means.

Alfred T. Mahan: U.S. admiral; he advocated for the creation of the modern U.S. Navy, construction of the Panama Canal, and the annexation of Hawaii and other Pacific islands.

William Seward: United States Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; he negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia.

Pearl Harbor: a United States naval base built in Hawaii in 1887 that became a coaling station for refueling American ships.

Sanford B. Dole: American sugar tycoon; he helped overthrow Queen Liliuokalani and later served as president and governor of Hawaii.
Jose Marti: Cuban writer and independence fighter; he was killed in battle but became a symbol of Cuba’s fight for freedom.

Valeriano Weyler:Spanish general; he used harsh tactics to put down the rebellion in Cuba. His actions helped fuel calls for American intervention in Cuba.

yellow journalism: the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers.

USS Maine: a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February 15, 1898.

George Dewey: Commander of the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron; he led the attack in the Pacific during the Spanish-American War.

Rough Riders: a volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that served in the Spanish-American War.

San Juan Hill: the site of a key victory by the American infantry during the 1898 conflict in Cuba with Spain.

Treaty of Paris: the treaty ending the Spanish-American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.

Foraker Act: legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government.

Platt Amendment: a series of provisions that, in 1901, the United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United States the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.

Protectorate: a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Emilo Aguinaldo: Self-proclaimed president of the new Philippine Republic in 1899; he fought for Filipino independence from the United States.

John Hay: United States Secretary of state under President William McKinley; he issued the Open Door notes, which created an open door trade policy with China—no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China.

Open Door notes: messages sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, asking the countries not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China.

Boxer Rebellion: a 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country from Western influence.

Panama Canal: A channel across Central America, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, opened in 1914

Roosevelt Corollary: Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force

dollar diplomacy: The policy of intervening in other countries to protect U.S. business interests

Francisco “Pancho” Villa: Mexican revolutionary

Emiliano Zapata: Mexican rebel

John J. Pershing: U.S. general who led troops to capture Villa

Nationalism: a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

Militarism: the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy.

Allies: 1. in World War I, the group of nations—originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, and others—that opposed the Central powers. 2. in World War II, the group of nations—including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States— that opposed the Axis powers.

Central powers: the group of nations—led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire—that opposed the Allies in World War I.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Archduke and heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary whose assassination by a Serb nationalist started World War I.

Trench Warfare: military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield.

The space between armies fighting each other: an unoccupied region between opposing armies.

Lusitania: a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915.

Sussex pledge: a promise by Germany in World War I not to sink merchant vessels “without warning and without saving human lives.”

Zimmermann Telegram: a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German- Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I.

Eddie Rickenbacker: American World War I pilot; he shot down 26 enemy aircraft and was awarded the Medal of Honor.

Selective Service Act: a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service.

convoy system: the protection of merchant ships from U-boat—German submarine— attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF): the U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I.

John J. Pershing: American army commander; he commanded the expeditionary force sent into Mexico to find Pancho Villa. He was the major general and commander in chief of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.

Alvin York: American soldier in World War I; he earned the Medal of Honor for capturing 132 German soldiers in the Meuse-Argonne area.

conscientious objector: a person who refuses, on moral grounds, to participate in warfare.

armistice: truce, or agreement to end an armed conflict.

War Industries Board (WIB): an agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries.

Bernard M. Baruch: American business leader and head of the War Industries Board during World War I; he later advised many American political leaders.

Committee on Public Information: the nation’s first propaganda agency, formed by President Wilson to influence public opinion to maximize support for the United States’ involvement in World War I.

George Creel: Newspaper reporter and political reformer; he was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson to head the Committee on Public Information during World War I.

Espionage and Sedition Acts: two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in World War I.

Great Migration: the large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to northern cities in the early 20th century.