Animal&Plant Cell, Nucleus and Cell Wall

Nuclear Envelope: A double membrane surrounding the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Flagellum: A structure for motility found in some animal cells.
Nucleolus: A nonmembranous structure involved in the production of ribosomes, found inside the nucleus.
Chromatin: Material made of DNA and proteins; condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
Centrosome: Region where microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles.
Plasma Membrane: Encloses the cell, regulates entry and exit of substances.
Cytoskeleton:
- Reinforces cell shape and aids in movement.
- Components: Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules.
Ribosomes: Complexes that synthesize proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to the rough ER.
Microvilli: Projections that increase surface area for absorption.
Golgi Apparatus: Involved in the synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cellular products.
Peroxisome: Contains enzymes for metabolic processes; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.
Lysosome: Digests macromolecules; contains enzymes for hydrolysis.
Mitochondrion: Site of cellular respiration; generates ATP.

Nuclear Envelope: Similar to the animal cell; surrounds the nucleus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Composed of rough and smooth regions similar to animal cells.
Central Vacuole: Prominent in older plant cells; plays roles in storage, waste breakdown, and growth.
Chloroplast:
- Photosynthetic organelle; converts sunlight into chemical energy (sugars).
Cell Wall: Thick outer layer made of cellulose; provides structure and rigidity.
Plasmodesmata: Channels between neighboring plant cells allowing for communication and transport.
Cytoskeleton: Similar function to that in animal cells but adapted for plant cells.
Mitochondrion and Peroxisome: Same functions as in animal cells.

Nucleus: Contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material organized into chromosomes (units of DNA).
Mitochondrion: Generates ATP, crucial for energy metabolism.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Important for the synthesis of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).

Chromatin helps compact DNA, allowing it to fit into the nucleus; appears diffuse when a cell is not dividing.
During cell division, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

Contains chromosomes (mass of chromatin) and nucleoli for ribosome synthesis.
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with pores, lined by nuclear lamina for support.
Nuclear Pores: Facilitate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Nucleolus: Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis; formed from chromatin.

Ribosomes are complexes that carry out protein synthesis; consist of ribosomal RNA and proteins.
Can exist in free form or bound to the Rough ER, facilitating translation of mRNA into proteins.

Plant cell wall: External structure providing protection and supporting shape; composed mainly of cellulose.
Primary Cell Wall: First layer secreted by growing cells; flexible.
Middle Lamella: Contains pectins that glue adjacent plant cells together.
Secondary Cell Wall: Thicker wall that develops after the primary wall, providing additional support.

ECM: Provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells; contains glycoproteins and polysaccharides.
Collagen: A glycoprotein that forms fibers in the ECM, crucial for tissue strength.