UTHS World History Sem B notes...

📑 table of contents of uths world history: semester b

answer key: World History B Flashcards - Quizlet

unit 10 - the renaissance, the scientific
revolution and the reformation.

lesson 1 - renaissance
lesson 2 - scientific revolution
lesson 3 - reformation
lesson 4 - effects

unit 11 - exploration and colonization

lesson 1 - pre-columbian period
lesson 2 - age of discovery
lesson 3 - columbian exchange
lesson 4 - atlantic slave trade

unit 12 - gunpowder and ming dynasties

lesson 1 - ottoman empire
lesson 2 - safavid dynasty
lesson 3 - mughal empire
lesson 4 - ming dynasty

unit 13 - absolutism, enlightenment, rise of
revolutions, independence

lesson 1 - absolutism
lesson 2 - enlightenment and philosophers
lesson 3 - england’s limited monarchy
lesson 4 - american revolution
lesson 5 - french revolution
lesson 6 - latin american independence

unit 14 - industrial revolution and economic
systems

lesson 1 - industrial revolution
lesson 2 - new inventions
lesson 3 - urbanization
lesson 4 - new economic systems
lesson 5 - labor unions

unit 15 - imperialism

lesson 1 - imperialism
lesson 2 - imperialism in india
lesson 3 - imperialism in africa
lesson 4 - imperialism in east asia
lesson 5 - imperialism in the americas
lesson 6 - legacies of imperialism

unit 16

lesson 1 -
lesson 2 -
lesson 3 -
lesson 4 -

unit 17

lesson 1 -
lesson 2 -
lesson 3 -
lesson 4 -

unit 18

lesson 1 -
lesson 2 -
lesson 3 -
lesson 4 -

📝 unfinished responses

boom-de-ya-da-boom-de-ya-da

⚔ unit 10: renaissance, etc

uni t 1 0 gl o s s ary

95 Theses

A list of grievances about the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther.

Counter Reformation

A movement within the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and physicist who confirmed the heliocentric model.

Geocentric

Having or relating to the Earth as the center of the universe.

Gutenberg Press

15th-century invention by Johannes Gutenberg which used movable type to print.

Heliocentric

Having or relating to the sun as the center of the universe.

Humanism

A system of values and beliefs based on the idea that people are basically good and that
problems can be solved using reason instead of religion.

Indulgence

Remission of part or all of the temporal (especially purgatorial) punishment due for sins,
according to Roman Catholicism, granted after the guilt has been pardoned (often through the
sacrament of reconciliation).

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and physicist who developed calculus and the three laws of motion.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.

Patronage

Money and support that is given to an artist, organization, or cause.

Predestination

The belief that everything that will happen has already been decided by God or fate and cannot
be changed.

Protestant Reformation

A split that occurred in the 16th century between the Roman Catholic Church and the emerging
Protestant religions.

Renaissance

The period of European history between the 14th and 17th centuries marked by a renewed
interest in science, ancient art, and literature, especially in Italy.

Robert Boyle

Irish chemist who worked with air and gases, helping to develop the field of chemistry.

Scientific Revolution

A period of rapid advances in European scientific, mathematical, and political thought.

Secular

Not spiritual; relating to the physical world rather than the spiritual world.

Thirty Years’ War

A series of wars between German Protestants and Catholics that took place between 1618 and
1648.

🌹 L1: renaissance

lesson 1: the renaissance.

you got a bunch of asian cousin guys like leonardo da vinci who love
math and science but also love art
renaissance was a time of “rebirth”
patronage = ruling fams sponsor the up-and-coming artists, math &
science guys
humanism = believe in science not religion, gravity, not turtles all the way
down... protestant reformation, schism part 2!

leonardo da vinci

he made a bunch of art
the last supper
made art, thought of inventions
was the “renaissance man” (that’s european for “your cousin” in asian)

michelangelo

he sculpted/carved
made the statue of david, the pieta, sistine chapel

renaissance art vs. middle ages

middle ages only focusing on important people and religious stuff
renaissance features ordinary people
renaissance has linear perspective, middle ages is more dull

🔭 L2 the scientific revolution

lesson 2: the scientific revolution.

barometer, microscope, fahrenheit thermometer, smallpox vaccine
copernicus = heliocentric model
galileo = telescope
- the roman catholic church thought this was oppery and put him on house arrest
newton = gravity DEFYING GRAVITYYYY
boyle = chemistry, boyle’s law

🤬 L3: the reformation

lesson 3: the reformation

backstory: the catholic church was a rly influential body, but it had too much
power → they were selling indulgences (“pay off your sins!”) → martin
luther said “this is not sigma ur so fake for that” and wrote 95 theses and BOOM,
the reformation started.

martin luther = karen for the church
gutenberg = first european printing press
- ideas and 95 theses spread so much faster with this

🔥 L4: effects of the reformation

lesson 4: effects of the reformation

ok, so you got ✨king henry the eighth✨ with his multiple marriages
because he wanted kids to rule but the wives failed him

he couldn’t divorce under the catholic church so what did he do? he made
his own church!

first he had his own boring wife, then he left her to anne boleyn, then
beheaded her cuz he was bored then with another wife he got edward who
was always sick and then BLeUgH he died then came Bloody Mary who
actually did stuff but beheaded a bunch of protestants, then came
✨elizabeth✨

counter-reformation = basically catholic version of what martin luther did;
they were like “catholicism is cool the way it is why you be disrupting it”
john calvin = predestination
council of trent = a bunch of meetings saying “how do we improve this
situation? what do we do?”
- it resulted in not much change besides taking out the bribes and the
  catholic lifestyle stayed
jesuits = religious group by ignatius
- ignatius is similar to luther
- the main goal became to convert more people

protestant vs. catholic sparks flying, people are going crazy but then comes
peace of augsburg… but things arent magically alright, this leads to 30 yrs
war

ferdinand ii guy led the bohemian empire and he squashed protestant stuff
in the area, → swedes were annoyed, teamed up with france and germany
and kaboom pow stuff happened → holy roman empire, bohemian, and
-spain all opped on the swede team → PEaCe oF WEsTphAliA 1648!!!

religious peace for all, and most of the present day boundaries :)

🚢 unit 11: exploration, colonization

uni t 1 1 gl o s s ary

Anthropologist

A person who studies human races, origins, societies, and cultures.

Archeologist

A scientist who studies past human life and activities by examining bones, tools, and other
artifacts of ancient people.

Banner of Arms

A flag used to represent a family of noble blood.

Beringia

An ancient land bridge that once connected the Americas to Asia.

Cape

A point or extension of land jutting out into water, either as a peninsula or a projecting point.

Cartography

The process or skill of making maps.

Commodity

Something that is bought and sold.

Conquistador

A leader in the Spanish conquests of the Americas, particularly in Mexico and Peru, during the
16th century.

Immunity

The power to protect oneself from being affected by a disease.

Indentured

A contract binding a person to work for another for a specified period of time — often used in
plural form (e.g., indentured servants).

Jesuit

A man who is a member of the Roman Catholic religious order called the Society of Jesus.

Maize

A Native American word for corn.

Malaria

A serious disease causing chills and fever, transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes.

Mercantilist

An economic system developed during the decline of feudalism that aimed to increase a
nation's wealth through strict government control of the economy, accumulation of bullion,
favorable trade balances, and colonial monopolies.

Navigation

The act or process of finding a route to a destination, especially when traveling by ship, plane,
or vehicle.

Plantation

A large estate, especially in a hot climate, where crops such as cotton, sugar, or tobacco are
cultivated.

Pok-a-tok

A Mayan sport similar to basketball.

Quip (likely meant to be “Quipu”)

An Incan record-keeping tool made of colored strings.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A chronic form of anemia common in individuals of African or Mediterranean descent, caused by
a genetic mutation that leads to the destruction of red blood cells and blockage of blood vessels,
potentially resulting in severe complications like organ failure.

⏮ L1: pre-columbian period

lesson 1: the pre-columbian period

a looooong time ago, there was a piece of land called beringia, where the
bering strait is today, which early people used to migrate to the western
hemisphere.

mesoamerica

polytheistic
maize
solar calendar
chocolate
olmec people = big stone heads, earliest ppl, irrigation

then came the mayans, with teotihuacan (it’s a really cool city)

pok a tok basketball
human sacrifice!
temples
math system
chichen itza
365 day calendar

then the incas

quipus (thread woven to record stuff)
machu picchu
sacrifice
absolute rule

and then the aztecs

tenochtitlan (another city, near mexico city)
they had a bunch of systems, including water
they conquered a lot of land area
hernan cortes was like “let’s see what they’re up to” and smallpox
happened and the aztecs thought he was a god and everything went
kaboom pow

🕵 L2: age of discovery and exploration

lesson 2: age of discovery and
exploration

prince henry the navigator

made lots of early mapping, cartography
founding father of age of discovery
he had a banner of arms

other explorers:

christopher columbus = the caribbean guy
vasco da gama = guy who explored india (did what columbus failed to do)
bartolomeu dias = cape of good hope
ferdinand magellan = all around the world
amerigo vespucci = “¡columbus estúpido! the new world is not asia”

france went for canada…

jacques cartier = “ThIS iS frEnCH ArEa!”
jacques marquette = jesuit priest “i’m saving them by spreading
christianity!” yeah totally, hundred percent

why are there so many jacquessss

also he was buddies with louis jolliet

henry hudson = hudson river guy
drake = around the world
raleigh = roanoke & virginia
drake & raleigh = sea dogs! they rampaged spanish ships → oppery
between spain and gb → spain isn’t the main character now, gb is,
and bow gb will use that for the british empire

🍌 L3: the columbian exchange

lesson 3: the columbian exchange

remember ignatius? the christianity alpha-spreader. he spread christianity
to the indigenous people too.

so much stuff was spread from the old to new and new to old worlds.

food
alpacas
diseases

💔 L4: the atlantic slave trade

lesson 4: the atlantic slave trade

people were treated like items, shipped across the world in masses,
kidnapped or even imprisoned to be sold later.

the europeans said “these guys are built different… they’re literally made
for this!! sickle cell anemia to avoid malaria, used to the climate, knowledge
of sugar planting, they’re so good for the job we don’t have to pay them!!!”

slave trade became rly common in the 1800s after royal african company died
and the market expanded
the native americans were rendered useless when it came to heavy labor and
weren’t as useful as the african slaves, which caused the switch for choice of
slaves.

mercantilist system = restrict what a country gets/imports but extract
literally every output/export possible to increase profit, this was in context of
colonization/imperialism

indentured servants in the northern us, slaves in the southern us

and don’t forget the triangular trade route!

africa = slaves → slave export → americas = sugar production → rum,
sugar export → europe → refined products

👑 unit 12: the gunpowder dynasties

uni t 1 2 gl o s s ary

Bazaar

A type of market, especially found in Middle Eastern countries, with rows of small shops selling
a variety of goods.

Calligraphy

The art of beautiful handwriting.

Dhimmis

"Protected persons" — a historical term for non-Muslim citizens living in an Islamic state.

Illuminated Manuscripts

Manuscripts in which the text is decorated with elements such as initials, borders, and miniature
illustrations.

Janissary

A member of an elite corps of Turkish soldiers organized in the 14th century and abolished in
1826.

Jizya

A per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects
(dhimmis) living permanently under Islamic law.

Junk

A type of Chinese ship with bluff lines, a high poop and overhanging stem, high pole masts, and
a deep rudder; typically used in Chinese waters.

Miniatures

Very small sculptures, portraits, or paintings.

Sufis

Members of a Muslim group who seek to experience God directly, often through prayer and
meditation; Islamic mystics.

Sultan

A king or ruler of a Muslim state or country.

Syncretism

The blending or combination of different religious beliefs or cultural practices.

🕋 L1: ottoman empire

lesson 1: the ottoman empire

backstory: in anatolia/turkey the byzantine empire is dying and stuff and
you got boom kapow stuff from

turkic ppl
abbasid dynasty
tang dynasty
more

osman guy was like “i’m a sultan guys deal with it” and he conquered stuff
to make the ottoman empire!! yay!!!!

the actual empire

attacked byzantine
they loved gunpowder and cannons
some ppl attacked them and then kaboom civil war but mehmed
solved it
mehmed ii conquered constantinople (jackpot!) and called it istanbul
they love their military and stole ppl to add to their army
grand vizier is rly powerful, but ruled by sultan
jizya tax for non muslims (they practiced sunni islam)
lots of land trade thru istanbul (remember constantinople?)
suleiman sultan guy fostered art and architecture

it all fell bc it was too big to manage and turks revolted, went bleugh, and
died in 1919

idk why this was mentioned but arabic…

has a big influence on islam
has some cool calligraphy

also the empire conquered a church and converted it to a mosque so that’s
coolio and they also made these little paintings called miniatures

🔫 L2: safavid empire

lesson 2: the safavid empire

timurid empire lost control and then sufis came together and grouped, then
this ismail guy was like “imma be shah of this sufi place” so then he started
the safavid dynasty

for context sufis were a small branch of islam
there was a bunch of syncretism but then ismail was like “nah we
change it to shi’ism”
they were shia core and converted a lot of persians to it
isfahan capital

shah abbas worked on the army and changed a bunch of military and
governmental systems (he absolutely carried)

bureaucratic centralized government
cannons and guns military
shah mosque

but then everything started falling apart bc he died and then afghans
conquered them

other stuff

one thousand and one arabian nights
miniatures paintings

🕌 L3: mughal empire

lesson 3: the mughal empire

founded in kabul, by babur guy in 1526

two main rulers: akbar the great and aurangzeb

akbar the great

maintained a rly good army with cannons and stuff, and made the
empire bigger (like halfway to the south)
brought reforms and made the empire a lot more liberal in terms of
religions and intellect, and made a syncretism religion

aurangzeb

he was very much the opposite
expanded almost all the way to the southern tip of india
didn’t like more religions so he stuck to sunni islam

it went bleugh and died in 1858

shah jahan made delhi, and taj mahal

🏺 L4: ming dynasty

lesson 4: the ming dynasty

so apparently we don’t get to see the timeline first, but rather look at the... trade. they got a LOT of trade. silk road, remember?

europeans wanted silk and porcelain, and the yongle emperor of
ming got silver in return
“mingot ingot” haha
zheng he explorer guy went with fleet to find valuables, and they did!

zhu yuanzhang/taizu

so you got this guy named zhu yuanzhang in the mongol dynasty. it’s
miserable and he’s got mc energy with the oh-so-tragic backstory

bubonic plague, his family wiped out :(
opp government
the mongolians burned down his home and he was like “i hate this
opperty imma fight” so he fought back and then made his own dynasty
(MAIN CHARACTER 😱)

then he was like making a cool govt with

provinces
hereditary military
oral instruction

then comes… chengzu/yongle

he enforced trade stuff
made forbidden city

later, europe started having internal wars and japan couldn’t trade either, so
that plus other stuff made the last emperor think “kms! this aint working”
and bleugh the dynasty died.

and then there was the grand canal which used water locks (panama canal
level stuff!!) so it improved trade and agriculture

and ofc the great wall of china (built by DIFF grps of ppl)

🏰 unit 13: absolutism, enlightenment,
revolutions

unit 13 glossary

Absolutism

A political theory that absolute power should be vested in one or more rulers.

Absolute Monarchs

Kings or queens who hold total power over political and religious affairs.

Catholic Counter Reformation

The period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Clergy

People (such as priests) who are the leaders of a religion and who perform religious services.

Commonwealth

The period from 1649 onward when England, later including Ireland and Scotland, was ruled as

a republic following the execution of Charles I.

Continental System

The foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the

Napoleonic Wars.

Creole

A person of mixed European and Black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

Divine Right

The belief that a monarch's authority to rule comes directly from God.

Enlightenment

An 18th-century movement emphasizing science and logic as the basis for knowledge and

understanding, rather than tradition and religion.

Estate

A class system in France before the French Revolution.

Guillotine

A machine with a heavy blade used historically to execute people by beheading.

Laissez-faire

An economic policy allowing businesses to operate with minimal government interference.

Loyalists

People who remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution.Mestizo

A person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry.

Natural Rights

Rights that all individuals are born with and that cannot be taken away.

Nobility

The group of people who belong to the highest social class in some countries.

Parliament

The group of people responsible for making laws in certain governments.

Patriots

Colonists who supported independence from Britain during the American Revolution.

Peasantry

The lower class of people, often rural and working in agriculture, in some countries.

Philosophers

philosophy.

People who study ideas about knowledge, truth, and the meaning of life; those who study

Physiocrat

A member of a school of 18th-century French economists who believed that government should

not interfere with natural economic laws and that land is the source of all wealth.

Social Contract

An actual or hypothetical agreement among members of a society or between a community and

its ruler that outlines the rights and duties of each.

♟ L1: absolutism

lesson 1: absolutism.

basically just absolute monarchy

so for example you got king louis 14.0 aka XIV, and this guy is like “i am
priority, ME, not your family, not your firstborn child, but only MEEEE” with
his “divine right” stuff

he also made the palace of versailles to house and spy on his staff
he was so powerful that other countries were concerned france had
tm power

there’s also peter the great, who basically evolved russia by westernizing it

💀 russia was old-timey so he was like “we gotta get into styleee” and
implemented new tech, the factory system, and made st. petersburg.

basically he’s a whitewasher

then there was also king philip ii who made spanish golden age with don
quixote and catholic counter-reformation as well as conquering other areas,
but he taxed the poor tm so things went bleugh

and then came frederick ii. he was a bit different, bc he had religious
tolerance all throughout prussia but he still conquered and allianced a lot,
being known as ruthless

✨ L2: enlightenment and philosophers

lesson 2: enlightenment and
philosophers

people were like “um why we be following the king when we could do our
own thing? the king is just a social construct so how does the actual world
work? what is freedom??”

john locke

“ppl got rights that can’t be taken away!”
worked on social contract theory

de montesquieu

3 branches of govt
checks & balances

adam smith

the wealth of nations book
laissez-faire/free-enterprise
physiocracy = using natural law and economics to create rules

voltaire

separation of church and state
since he proposed this, france opped on him by exiling him and
burning all of his work

jj rousseau

wrote social contract
“majority rules”

thomas hobbes was basically the opposite and says the govt rocks and
everyone should listen to them in his book leviathan

☕ L3: england's limited monarchy

lesson 3: england’s limited monarchy

magna carta basically limited monarchs’ power, and was first step to limited
power of monarchs

charles i was like “wah wah i want full power”

parliament made him sign petition of right
later they couldn’t agree on anything (english civil war) so parliament went
slicey dicey on charles’ head!!

then oliver cromwell, leader of parliament, became leader of england and
he was strict!! umbridge style, he led what was called the commonwealth.

parliament thought “oh shart we made a big mistake” and asked charles ii
to help out → he made it happy again under church of england

glorious revolution: bleugh went charlie so james ii came → james was an
opp so william and mary ruled

english bill of rights 1689 = basically us bor but earlier version

🦅 L4: american rev

lesson 4: the american revolution

french and indian war (why “indian” 🤢) = territory disputes → british in debt →
taxes! (stamp act, sugar act, tea act)

boston massacre
boston tea party
coercive acts (boston harbor down)
quartering act (free housing for military)

then there was the declaration of independence; bill of rights; and articles
of confederation, which turned into the constitution which were all inspired
by enlightenment ideas!!

washington led army to defeat british navy in

saratoga (turning point), and yorktown (last big battle)

🥖 L5: french rev

lesson 5: the french revolution

the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer. ppl say this is not sigma!!

different estates/grps: first estate (church authority) then second estate
(nobles, born rich), third estate (poor, middle class)

third estate keeps losing money and is genuinely crashing out by this
american revolution gave them ideas and then they revolted
- bastille destruction
- making national assembly
- declaration of rights of man and citizen
they made committee of public safety led by max robespierre,
causing the reign of terror with lots of rebellion and death so other
countries saw france as an opp
napoleon was french activist and opped on other countries, as well as
controlling them but once he was defeated the countries restored
france’s old bad system thru the congress of vienna

🌮 L6: latinamerican independence...

lesson 6: latin america's fight for
independence

simon bolivar

inspired by french revolution, he wanted to bring freedom to latin
american countries from spain and failed trying to unite all latin
american countries

haitian revolution

france used to rule hispaniola/haiti but then l'ouverture guy ended
slavery here and helped bring independence

mexican revolution

miguel hidalgo led fight for independence

argentina and chile stuff

josé de san martín liberated argentina and chile from spain

🚂 unit 14: industrial revolution

unit 14 glossary

Big Business

Large companies considered together as a powerful group.

Bourgeois

Relating to or belonging to the middle class of society.

Capitalism

An economic system where the means of production (land, oil, factories, etc.) are

owned by individuals and companies rather than the government.

Cartels

Groups of businesses that agree to fix prices so they all make more money.

Commercialism

The attitude or actions of people driven excessively by the desire to earn money or buy

goods rather than by other values.

Communism

A system where the government owns all means of production and there is no privately

owned property.

Corporations

Large businesses or organizations that are recognized by law as single entities with

individual rights and responsibilities.

Entrepreneurs

money.

People who start businesses and are willing to risk financial loss in order to make

Germ Theory

The medical theory that infections and diseases are caused by microorganisms.

Industrial Revolution

A major economic shift marked by the rise of power-driven machinery and new

manufacturing methods.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of their members.Laissez-faire

An economic philosophy of minimal government interference in business.

Marxism

The political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx, including the belief that class

struggle drives history and should lead to a classless society.

Mercantilism

An economic policy aiming to increase national wealth through strict regulation, trade

monopolies, and accumulation of bullion.

Monopoly

Complete control over the supply of goods or services in a market.

Pasteurization

A process in which liquids are heated to kill harmful germs and then quickly cooled.

Proletariat

The working class, especially industrial laborers who do not own means of production

and must sell their labor.

Socialism

A system where major industries are owned and controlled by the government rather

than individuals.

Tenements

Large buildings with rented apartments or rooms, often in poorer city areas.

Trusts

Legal arrangements in which property or money is managed by someone else or by an

organization (like a bank) for a specific purpose or time.

Urbanization

The growth of towns and cities as more people move into central areas to live and work.🛞 L1: industrial revolution

lesson 1: the industrial revolution

there were two industrial revolutions.

the first one

started in britain bc they got all the stuff (land labor capital LLC!)
lots of machines made
- cotton gin
- hydroelectric power
- steam engine

the second one

transportation, communication
rich got richer, poor got poorer

impacts

higher standard of living
people got more rights (middle class, slaves, women)
rise of capitalism, rivalry btwn socialism and communism
more science, germ theory
british imperialism :(

💡 L2: new inventions

lesson 2: new inventions

textile industry (first industry affected)

john kay: flying shuttle
james hargreaves: spinning jenny
richard arkwright: water frame

steam engine locomotive! (by james watt)

with all this stuff, things became cheap, people had more jobs, and other
countries had their own industrial revolutions!

but also this stuff was used in the military leading to more complex warfare
involving…

rifles, bayonets
interchangeable parts
cannons
trains

🏙 L3: urbanization

lesson 3: urbanization

the long-term effect was awesome. but in the short-term…

people living in tenements (basically rly small living space) bc so
many ppl are poor now in the city
rly bad working conditions
child labor

but then

children required to go to school
women’s rights movement, seneca falls
louis pasteur made pasteurization and vaccines for a bunch of stuff
population went to billions

💵 L4: new econ systems

lesson 4: new economic systems.

so yk how the industrial revolution left a lot of ppl in tenements and others
in mansions? this inequality led to the rise of communism vs capitalism.

poor ppl (proletariat) wanted communism, rich/middle ppl (bourgeoisie)... wanted capitalism

capitalism?

free enterprise, the people can do what they want (laissez-faire)
adam smith wrote wealth of nations and believed govt should not
manage economy at all

communism?

everyone is equal, and there is no such thing as economic class
karl marx, marxism, communist manifesto book (the book led to
uprisings and revolutions btw)
idea was great on paper, but rulers abused power with communism
thru authoritarianism

the free enterprise system was abused by big corporations and
conglomerates and cartels (grp of businesses that agree to a fixed price so they all
benefit) thru monopolization and trusts

✊ L5: labor unions

lesson 4: labor unions (and reform)

luddites: ppl who rebelled against factory system; handskilled craftspeople

the work situation was pretty bad. child labor, dangerous equipment, and
long hours.

but it got better.

queen victoria helped reform the working class
labor unions leveraged people power to get better conditions
factory act 1833 (age limit for work)

with this reform and extra time on their hands, people could use electricity
and participate in more recreation

🌶 unit 15: imperialism.

unit 15 glossary

Berlin Conference

A meeting held in 1884 between European nations to divide Africa and avoid conflict; no African

representatives were present.

Boer Wars

A series of battles between Dutch settlers (Boers) in South Africa and the British.

Boxer Protocol

An agreement in 1901 that allowed foreign forces to help suppress the Boxer Rebellion in

China.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China led by the Society of the Righteous and

Harmonious Fists.

Direct Rule

A system of imperialism in which the foreign power rules a colony directly using its own officials.

Imperialism

A policy where a country extends its power by acquiring control over other regions.

Indirect Rule

A system of imperialism in which local rulers maintain their positions of authority but are

subordinate to the ruling country.

Meiji Restoration

A period in late 19th-century Japan when imperial power was restored and the country

underwent industrialization.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. foreign policy statement opposing European interference in the Western Hemisphere.

Opium Wars

A series of conflicts between Britain and China over British trade of opium in Chinese ports.

Panama Canal

A waterway in Latin America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Protectorate

A small or weaker country that is controlled and protected by a more powerful one.Russo-Japanese War

A war between Russia and Japan over territorial claims in Manchuria and Korea.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid colonization of Africa by European powers between 1881 and 1914.

Sepoy Mutiny / Sepoy Rebellion

An 1857 revolt by Indian sepoys against British rule, leading to direct British control of India.

Sepoys

Indian soldiers employed by a foreign (usually British) colonial power.

Social Darwinism

A theory applying Darwin's ideas of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify

imperialism and racial hierarchy.

Sphere of Influence

A region where a foreign power has exclusive rights and privileges, especially in trade.

Sino-Japanese War

A war between China and Japan over control of Korea.

Suez Canal

A canal in northeastern Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China (1850–1864) against the Qing Dynasty, led by a religious

movement.

Treaty of Kanagawa

An 1854 agreement in which Japan opened its ports to the United States following a U.S. naval

threat.

Treaty of Nanjing

The agreement that ended the Opium Wars, granting Britain control of Hong Kong.

Treaty of Portsmouth

The agreement ending the Russo-Japanese War, negotiated by U.S. President Theodore

Roosevelt.

U.S. Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy that opened Chinese ports to trade with all nations equally.

Viceroys

Officials sent by monarchs to rule colonies in their name.Zulu War

A conflict between the British and the Zulu nation in South Africa.

🌍 L1: imperialism

lesson 1: imperialism

imperialism is basically colonialism: social, political, and economic control
over a country.

but why did it happen? the industrial revolution and factory system brought
light to many more resources that weren’t previously used in poorer
countries. with new technology, it was easier to use other countries’
resources than their own. this combined with nationalism (“WE LOVE TEA
AND CRUMPETS” - uk) made countries think “I WaNT bIg EMpiRe!!”

indirect rule - colony has their own govt as long as they follow the rules of
imperial power (ex: american colonies)
direct rule - the imperial power rules directly and intervenes in local govt
(ex: congo)
protectorate - country technically has its own power but has to listen to
advisors from imperial power
sphere of influence - imperial powers make western countries’ trade
exclusively with them, so the country is controlled through trade.
extraterritoriality - the imperial powers are exempt from local laws
due to influence.

󰏝 L2: in india

lesson 2: imperialism in india

“the sun never sets of the british empire” eugh get out

cue east india company. queen elizabeth i made it a stock company in
1600, whatever that is, and this company monopolized the trade in big
cities in india. indians were treated terribly to suit the desires of the
company, which was rising more and more to power. religion and lifestyles
were forced upon the people.

although gb officially ruled india, the east india company did all the work.

they enforced order with sepoys, including british officials. but then sepoy
mutiny happened:

the guns had animal fat and required soldiers to bite off the cartridge, and
hindus can’t have cows & muslims can’t have pig so they refused to use
the guns so the british sent them to prison, then the sepoys captured new
delhi in protest but the british squashed this rebellion

and british govt took control thru viceroys after this

so queen victoria ruled over india after this fiasco happened, and she also
ruled a bunch of other countries

💎 L3: in africa

lesson 3: imperialism in africa

scramble for africa

europeans scrambling for africa and superimposing boundaries
during berlin conference, neglecting the existing structure
they did this for nationalism & resources and justified it with social
darwinism (survival of the fittest) and the fact that european tech was
more advanced
no more malaria problem for europeans bc they got quinine
king leopold ii was bad guy in the congo :(

zulu war

big zulu kingdom was put into british control after conflicts in 1889

boer wars

dutch = boers
boers were stealing african native land and found valuables so british
also wanted it and KAPOW three years later british got it and set up
white-ifed government

…and then there’s the suez canal.

built by egyptian laborers → egyptians had debt → britain bought the debt
and controlled egypt → egypt had to sell the canal to britain to recover
other debt → later egypt seized the canal and built aswan dam → other
countries invaded egypt → egypt fought back (suez crisis) → united nations
(UN) made agreement

👘 L4: in east asia

lesson 4: imperialism in east asia

china didn’t want to trade with icky europeans → britain wanted the luxury
goods → britain started opium trade in guangzhou, so ppl were addicted →
victoria didn’t let the trade stop when chinese emperor asked → KABOOM!!
opium wars happened bc of disagreement → treaty of nanjing gave the
british hong kong and later other countries got extraterrestrial rights
(loopholes)

later, us made “open door policy” making china available to everyone →
chinese revolted (taiping rebellion and boxer rebellion)

taiping rebellion

some ppl wanted to have a european-free kingdom and this kingdom
ended up creating civil war in china

boxer rebellion

some ppl who hated the white presence in china started to rebel (they
were called boxers) against imperial control
the empress wasn’t against it (based opinion)
the boxer grp destroyed a bunch of foreign stuff and killed christian
related stuff
then boxer protocol was signed which basically stripped china of a lot
of its rights (imperial nations: “you let us settle everywhere, you pay
us money, you destroy all of your defenses, and we’ll let you live.”)

but then there’s also japan.

the us told the tokugawa shogunate (japan) to start trading to become more
advanced like them 💀 so japan listened (treaty of kanagawa)

then mutsuhito emperor modernized japan thru the meiji restoration
they wanted to make friends with korea but china already did → japan
sent troops to korea to rid the chinese forces (sino japanese war)
after the war they got manchuria land → russo japanese war over
manchuria → treaty of portsmouth solved it

🪇 L5: in the americas

lesson 5: imperialism in the americas

latinamerica was in a bad position after gaining independence bc they
didn’t have stable economy, but then us said “monroe doctrine: no one can... colonize these countries now”

they did this with cuba during spanish-american war but then us controlled
cuba for econ gain
and then they got control of hawaii for sugar plantations by overthrowing
the queen of hawaii
us wanted panama canal but panama is colony of colombia → us helped
panama gain independence → then us built the canal and got the rights to
it → lots of profit from trade

👤 L6: legacies of imperialism

lesson 6: legacies of imperialism

what impacts did imperialism have on the world?

westernization and great loss of culture/history
degradation of native cultures and values
advances in transportation, communication, and medicine
capitalism and colonization meant wealth for the us and europe
many colonized people were working for the imperial powers and had
bad lifestyle, this remains today in some places

🔫 unit 16: ww1 to great depression

uni t 1 6 gl o s s ary

uni t 1 6 gl o s s ary

Alliance

A union between people, groups, or countries; a relationship in which parties agree to work

together.

Bolsheviks

Members of the political party that seized power in Russia in 1917, leading to the establishment

of a communist government.

Cossack

A member of autonomous communities formed by various ethnic and linguistic groups (including

Slavs, Tatars, and Circassians) in Ukraine, southern Russia, the Caucasus, and Siberia, later

incorporated into czarist Russia during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Electoral College

A body of electors, especially in the United States, responsible for electing the president and

vice president.

Imperialism

A policy where a country increases its power by gaining control over other territories.

Laissez-faire

An economic policy where businesses operate with minimal government interference.

Militaristic

The belief or practice that a nation should use military force or methods to gain power and

achieve goals.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride and loyalty to one’s country, often accompanied by the belief that one's

country is superior to others.

Stalemate

A situation in a contest, dispute, or war where neither side can gain an advantage or win.

Total War

A war strategy where a nation commits all of its resources, including the majority of government

funds, to the war effort.

Trench

A deep, narrow hole dug in the ground, used by soldiers for protection during warfare.

󰎈 L1: wwi intro

lesson 1: introduction to world war 1

austrian archduke franz ferdinand got assassinated by serb bc austrians
conquered serbia → serbia and austria fought → diff countries supported
each of the two and it became a big snowball starting with battle of marne!

so then us joined war bc they were affected when lusitania ship sank (it
had americans on it) and by zimmerman telegram (it was germany telling
mexico they should ally against the us)

later, 4 leaders (from england, italy, france, u.s.) decided to end this and
then woodrow wilson made fourteen points plan

setting better boundaries in europe based on ethnic groups
giving the new countries more rights & self determination
making league of nations, foundation for the UN

but then some countries wanted revenge on germany for some reason so
some stuff against germany was added in the treaty of versailles

😥 L2: wwi causes

lesson 2: causes of world war i

so the main causes were militarism, alliance system, imperialism, and
nationalism.

imperialism

european countries were scrambling to imperialize countries, and this
led to conflict in the process

nationalism

ppl were uniting as nations (germany) and rebelling (young turks,
serbian black hand terrorists)

alliances

ppl kept joining this fight thru alliances, which fueled more hate and
conflict

militarism

everyone wanted to build up their armies and flex them, and chain
reactions happened when germany increased military budget

also, it was the first “high-tech” war, with:

machine gun
mustard gas
trenches
airplane in military
submarines

󰐮 L3: russia involvement

lesson 3: russia’s involvement

they had these cool cossack soldiers who were hardcore but russia
focused so much on the military that nothing else was really taken care of,
the people were overlooked and it led to riots (bolsheviks by vladimir lenin,
etc)

romanov family didnt take care of ppl so they were mad at fam, so then
when the heir got ill the fam tried to get commoners to cure him but they
revolted and then the fam got assassinated

🏈 L4: us enters war

lesson 4: the united states enters the
war

propaganda. LOTS of propaganda. the us needed it, considering how few
people were enlisted.

they also used propaganda to get people to grow victory gardens and buy
war bonds (loans but the money goes to war)

before entering the war, us supported uk and france. then when the
lusitania sank and germany broke their pledge, and the zimmerman
telegram showed germany aksing mexico to opp on the us, woodrow
wilson decided to join.

later, he made the 14 points and league of nations to end everything and
make the treaty of versailles

Germany would take blame for the war and owed the Allies reparations for the destruction of farmlands, resources, and infrastructure.
Austria-Hungary was divided into several smaller nations, which eliminated the once powerful empire.
A League of Nations was established, but the U.S. would refuse to be a part of it.
The Ottoman Empire was dissolved with the creation of Turkey in its place.
France recovered its lost lands, as did the other Allied nations but Germany's borders shrunk.

🗺 L5: wwi map study

lesson 5: world war i map study

boring a bunch of maps

many more countries were allied powers (non-germany) than central
powers
nationalism meant that people of similar backgrounds grouped
together, creating multiple groups that couldn’t be nations or people
of different nations coming together (ex: austria-hungary)
the conditions in the us were pretty bad, with the dust bowl and great
depression leaving not just the us but many other countries in a bad
economic state, paving the way for ww2
hoover was rly unpopular with laissez faire policies in a time of
depression, so he lost badly to fdr with his new deal

💣 unit 17: ww2, end of colonialism,
cold war

unit 17 glossary

unit 7 glossary

Allied Powers

The countries of Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States during World War II.

Anti-Semitism

Hatred of Jewish people.

Atomic

Relating to or using the energy produced when atoms are split apart.

Axis Powers

The countries of Italy, Germany, and Japan during World War II.

Chancellor

The highest government official in Germany or Austria.

Concentration Camps

Prison camps where large numbers of civilians, especially persecuted groups, were forcibly

detained under harsh and inhumane conditions, particularly during wartime.

Fascism

A political system characterized by authoritarian power, extreme nationalism, suppression of

opposition, and often racism. (Note: Your provided definition had concentration camps twice;

I’ve corrected this entry.)

Ghettos

Sections of a city where specific groups, especially Jews during World War II, were forcibly

isolated and often made to live in poor, overcrowded conditions.

Hyperinflation

An extremely rapid and excessive increase in the prices of goods and services, leading to

severe economic instability.

Island-Hopping

A military strategy used by Allied forces in the Pacific during World War II, involving capturing

one island at a time to advance towards Japan.

Kamikaze

A Japanese tactic during World War II where pilots conducted suicide missions by deliberately

crashing explosive-laden aircraft into enemy targets.Kristallnacht

Known as the "Night of Broken Glass" (November 9, 1938), when Nazi forces destroyed

synagogues, looted Jewish shops, and arrested tens of thousands of Jews.

Nuremberg Laws

Two laws enacted in 1935 during Nazi rule in Germany that excluded Jews from German

citizenship and stripped away their basic rights.

The Final Solution

The Nazi policy, introduced by Heinrich Himmler and led by Adolf Eichmann, of systematically

exterminating European Jews, resulting in the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust

(1941–1945).

Trade Unions

Organized associations of workers formed to protect and promote the rights and interests of

their members, particularly in trades and professions.

🌟 L1: ww2 beginnings

lesson 1: world war ii beginnings

in the treaty of versailles, the league of nations did germany dirty with the
unfair treatment, and this sparked ww2 later.

there was also

hyperinflation in germany
adolf hitler with fascism (right wing extreme nationalism and little
rights) and anti-semitism
invading poland sparked ww2

fascism in italy was also bad with benito mussolini conquering territory
and japan got stripped of some rights after versailles and wanted to get ppl
to care, so they conquered areas and bombed pearl harbor

🤯 L2: ww2 events

lesson 2: events of world war ii...

so the 3 countries that bore the brunt of ww1, germany, italy, and japan,
made up the axis powers. uk, ussr, and us were the allied powers.

focusing on europe first:

battle of britain and battle of stalingrad were
fought.
surprise!! d-day (normandy landings) in france got germany to leave
france and be independent.
then happened the battle of the bulge, the last
european battle ending the war in 1945.

us vs japan: pacific conflict

bataan death march: torturing us soldiers
battle of midway: turning point
island hopping: allied powers took one island at a time
after us dropped 2 atomic bombs on japan, japan surrendered and
ww2 pacific edition ended

and don’t forget the holocaust.

concentration camps
antisemitism
eliminating jews
night of broken glass

🚀 L3: road to cold war

lesson 3: the road to the cold war

soo there was a yalta conference dividing germany into sections that the
allied nations could supervise (military zones)

and then potsdam conference which made the united nations and decided
how german economy would be run

bOoM!! atomic age!!!

secret manhattan project
1st used on japan

🌕 L4: cold war

lesson 4: the cold war.

idk why this is in the lesson but china has had communism implemented for
a long time, specifically after the civil war after ww2 with communist party
taking power

also in germany ussr blockaded west berlin so us had to help the ppl stuck
there. later the europeans and us made nato (“we all got each other’s
backs) and then soviets made warsaw pact, deepening us x ussr tensions

then korean war happened, resulting in north and south

and vietnam was happened but it was really war btwn us and ussr

and then with the end of the berlin wall and cooperation of mikhail
gorbachev and ronald reagan, the cold war ended.

🏙 unit 18: all else

😬 L1: decolonization problems

lesson 1: problems of decolonization

many countries started to gain independence from their colonizers.

india
pakistan
burma
laos
cambodia
vietnam
sri lanka
n/s korea

it was more complicated in south africa tho. apartheid was a big obstacle,
and people like nelson mandela had to fight it to get it outlawed.

🐪 L2: middle east conflict

lesson 2: the middle east and the
arab-israeli conflict

jews have been under threat since a long time ago. so when the un gave
part of palestine to jewish people, things got messy. the arab league (egypt,
syria, jordan, lebanon) attacked israel in the six-day war.

then these countries made the opec to stop israel from getting oil,
and then palestinian liberation organization tried to attack israel.

also the israel-egypt land conflicts were solved by the camp david accords,
in which they agreed to settle land disputes diplomatically

after palestinian groups became more violent, the us made an agreement
btwn plo and israel called oslo accords, which divided land so palestine had
some too.

🕋 L3: islamic extremism

lesson 3: growth of extremist islamic
fundamentalism

enter osama bin laden. he led al-qaeda (terrorist org) (based in iraq)

after the us fought the gulf wars against iraq, al-qaeda started oppery.

1990s bombing in world trade center
sinking of the u.s.s. cole
9/11 attacks

then afghanistan taliban govt supported al qaeda and us invaded
afghanistan, after that the us attacked iraq bc the us said iraq has gigantic
weapons

the conflict throughout the world still continues today, with extremist groups
and spread of propaganda.

⛓ L4: human rights

lesson 4: human rights

wow, we really needed this.

after genocide, mass killings and violations of human rights in places like
cambodia, argentina, and rwanda, rules on human rights seem mandatory
for this world to go round.

cambodia? the khmer rouge regime enforced agrarian policies with harsh
treatment and torture.

argentina? a military regime made everything right-wing, with no free
speech or public media with terrible conditions for the people who didn’t
comply.

rwanda? ethnically motivated control of the government by hutus and
ethnic cleansing to make everyone the same skin color.

🌐 L5: globalization

lesson 5: globalization...

tbh mcdonalds is the epitome of globalization. it’s all around the world, it
embodies the fast-paced and nutrient-deficient world of today, with changes
in menu in different places but all with the same goal of trying to capitalize
off of you 😈

because of globalization, we now have smartphones, temu, more
manufactured goods, 1-day shipping, and widespread cultural diffusion!

but because everything and everyone is so connected, things in one place
can affect many people