CVS

ACE Inhibitors ("-pril"): Example Drugs catopril, lisinopril ACE Inhibitors ("-pril"): MOA Reduce production of angiotensin II leading to vasodilation, excretion of sodium and water, and retention of potassium (potassium sparing) ACE Inhibitors ("-pril"): Indications HTN, HF ACE Inhibitors ("-pril"): Contraindications pregnancy(absolute) & kidney impairment (relative), may be less effective for African Americans ACE Inhibitors ("-pril"): Side/Adverse Effects orthostatic HTN, dry cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, neutropenia (catropril) ACE Inhibitors ("-pril"): Interactions diuretics and other HTN meds ACE Inhibitors ("-pril"): Pt education educate pt to change positions slowly and lie down if dizzy, lightheaded, or faint, signs of hyperkalemia Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) Medications that block the action of angiotensin II in the body, leading to vasodilation and excretion of sodium and water. ARBs Indications Hypertension, heart failure, protection against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. ARBs Example drugs Losartan. ARB Suffix -sartan ARBs Contraindications Pregnancy, patients with only 1 kidney (high risk of kidney injury). ARBs Side/Adverse Effects Angioedema, Hypotension, Dizziness, Lightheadedness. ARBS Interactions Antihypertensive medications (additive effect). ARBs Nursing Implications Monitor weight and edema. What are two example drugs of aldosterone antagonists? Eplerenone and Spironolactone What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists? They reduce blood volume by blocking aldosterone receptors in the kidney, promoting excretion of sodium and water while retaining potassium. What are the primary indications for aldosterone antagonists? Hypertension and heart failure What are some contraindications for using aldosterone antagonists? Pregnancy, hyperkalemia, and kidney/liver disease What are common side effects of aldosterone antagonists? Hypotension, dizziness, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia Which medications should not be administered with aldosterone antagonists? Potassium supplements What type of drug interactions are associated with aldosterone antagonists? Interactions with ACE inhibitors and ARBs What are the common suffixes for Calcium Channel Blockers? The suffixes are '-dipine', '-zem', and '-amil'. Name three example drugs that are Calcium Channel Blockers. Nifedipine, Diltiazem, and Verapamil. What is the mechanism of action of Calcium Channel Blockers? They block calcium channels in blood vessels, leading to vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle and arteries/arterioles of the heart. What are the primary indications for using Calcium Channel Blockers? Hypertension and Angina. List some contraindications for Calcium Channel Blockers. Hypotension, heart block, severe heart failure, and heart valve issues. What are some common side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers? Orthostatic hypotension and peripheral edema. What should be monitored as part of nursing implications when administering Calcium Channel Blockers? Monitor vital signs for signs and symptoms of overdose, such as hypotension, bradycardia, and dysrhythmias. What is an example of a direct acting vasodilator? Hydralazine hydrochloride What is the mechanism of action for direct acting vasodilators? They widen or prevent the narrowing of blood vessels by relaxing smooth muscle walls. What is a primary indication for using direct acting vasodilators? Hypertension What are two contraindications for direct acting vasodilators? Coronary artery disease and aortic dissection Name three side effects of direct acting vasodilators. Reflex tachycardia, dizziness, and headache What should be monitored when a patient is on direct acting vasodilators? Blood pressure (BP) and liver function tests (LFTs) What important nursing education should be provided to patients taking direct acting vasodilators? Do not stand up quickly, do not stop abruptly, and monitor BP. What are some example drugs classified as Beta Blockers? Atenolol, metoprolol, labetalol, and carvedilol. What is the primary mechanism of action of Beta Blockers? Decreased heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (B/P), depending on the sub-class. List three indications for prescribing Beta Blockers. Hypertension, heart failure, and angina. What are some contraindications for the use of Beta Blockers? Pregnancy, bradycardia, and AV block. What are common side effects of Beta Blockers? Bradycardia, hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension. What should be monitored when a patient is on Beta Blockers? Monitor pulse; do not discontinue without consulting the provider. What do drug interactions for Beta Blockers depend on? They depend on the specific sub-class of the Beta Blocker. What is the prefix for beta blockers -lol What is the mechanism of action of Alpha-1 blockers? They block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, calming the sympathetic nervous system. What is a common example of an Alpha-1 blocker? Doxazosin What condition are Alpha-1 blockers primarily indicated for? Hypertension What are two contraindications for using Alpha-1 blockers? Pregnancy and history of cataract surgery List some side effects of Alpha-1 blockers. Tiredness, headaches, fast heartbeat, weakness, nasal congestion, hypotension What nursing implications should be considered when administering Alpha-1 blockers? Monitor vital signs and provide patient education related to side effects. What is an example drug of Centrally Acting Alpha 2 Agonists? Clonidine What is the mechanism of action of Clonidine? Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure by decreasing sympathetic output within the CNS. What is the primary indication for Clonidine? Hypertension What are the absolute contraindications for using Clonidine? Pregnancy and bleeding disorders/anticoagulants (increases bleeding risk). What are common side effects of Clonidine? Dry mouth, drowsiness, sedation. What nursing implications should be considered when administering Clonidine? Monitor vital signs; educate the patient about side effects (avoid alcohol, monitor level of consciousness), and do not abruptly stop the medication to prevent rebound hypertension and withdrawal. What is an example of a nitrate drug? Nitroglycerin What is the mechanism of action of nitrates? Dilates veins and decreases venous return, which decreases cardiac oxygen demand. What condition are nitrates primarily indicated for? Angina What are the contraindications for using nitrates? Phosphodiesterase type 5 medications (e.g., Sildenafil/Viagra) can cause adverse effects. What are common side effects of nitrates? Orthostatic hypotension What interactions should be monitored when administering nitrates? Alcohol and antihypertensive medications What nursing implications should be considered when administering nitroglycerin? Monitor vital signs and educate the patient on using sublingual nitroglycerin for anginal attacks. What are HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors commonly known as? Statins Name two example drugs classified as HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors. Atorvastatin and Simvastatin What is the mechanism of action of HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors? They block HMG-CoA Reductase, which enables the cell to make cholesterol. What condition are HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors primarily indicated for? Hypercholesterolemia List two contraindications for the use of HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors. Pregnancy and liver disease What are some common side effects of HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors? Hepatotoxicity, Myopathy, Rhabdomyolysis, and leg cramps What food interaction should be noted with HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors? Grapefruit and grapefruit juice What nursing implication is important when administering HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors? Educate the client on the importance of reporting muscle aches and pains. What should you do first when experiencing an anginal attack? Stop activity and sit or lie down. What is the recommended first step after stopping activity during an anginal attack? Take medication and rest for 5 minutes. What should you do if the pain is not resolved after taking the first tablet? Call 911 and take a second tablet. How long should you wait after taking the second tablet before taking a third? Wait another 5 minutes. What is the maximum number of tablets you should take during an anginal attack? Do not take more than 3 tablets.