CompTIA A+ 2201 Core Notes (Foundational Overview with Subtopic Depths)

Core 2201 (A+) Exam Notes - Version 1.0

  • Focus: CompTIA A+ 220-1201 (Core 1) objectives for 2025 launch; foundational course covering exam objectives with student-driven expansion in future iterations.

  • Course intent: cover all exam objectives; some topics go in-depth for integrations; invite comments to tailor future versions (including 122/1202).

  • Important caveat: many students take the exam without 12 months help-desk experience; do not be discouraged if you’re tinkering at home.

  • Exam details (Core 1 2201):

    • Maximum questions: 9090

    • Question types: multiple choice and performance-based

    • Exam length: 90 minutes90\text{ minutes}

    • Recommended experience: 12 months12\text{ months} hands-on in a help desk role (not strictly required)

    • Passing score: 675/900675/900

  • Exam domains and weighting (as presented):

    • Mobile devices: 13%13\%

    • Networking: 23%23\%

    • Hardware: 25%25\%

    • Virtualization and cloud computing: 11%11\%

    • Hardware and network troubleshooting: 28%28\%

  • General structure of the course and how to use it:

    • Basic course with deeper dives into subtopics on request

    • Active commenter-driven updates for future versions

    • Emphasis on practical, foundational knowledge plus job-relevant application

Test Details: Core 1 (2201) Topics at a Glance

  • Core topics follow the 2025 objectives; new material added for modern hardware and networking concepts

  • Emphasis on real-world relevance and troubleshooting workflows

  • Collect feedback in comments to expand or tighten coverage in updates

Mobile Devices: Practical Procedures and Precautions

  • Battery replacement in laptops

    • Step 1: Power off completely; disconnect AC adapter

    • Step 2: Use anti-static protection (ESD mat, anti-static wrist strap recommended)

    • Step 3: Refer to service manual; determine if battery is removable or requires disassembly

    • Step 4: Use proper handling to avoid shorting motherboard when unscrewing/removing components

    • After replacement: fully charge battery to calibrate it

    • Tip: maintain links to service manuals for parts and replacements for various OEMs (Dell, HP, Lenovo, etc.)

  • Keyboard replacement in laptops

    • Power off, disconnect, remove battery

    • Document screws/trim pieces; board layout can vary by model

    • Disconnect keyboard ribbon cable using proper latch technique (Z latch)

    • Test keyboard before reassembling; expect 15 min to 2 hours depending on model

    • Field tip: use magnetic screw grids for organization

  • RAM replacement in laptops

    • Power down; unplug AC; remove battery

    • Access RAM panel; multiple RAM slots may exist (under base or under keyboard)

    • RAM installation: notch alignment; angle insertion ~30ext–45ext30^ ext{–}45^ ext{ }degrees; press until retention clips engage

    • Post-installation: verify in BIOS/UEFI and OS; beware of proprietary RAM and soldered RAM on some models

  • SSD replacement in laptops

    • Power off; remove battery; access storage compartment per service manual

    • Multiple slots possible (back, keyboard area, under keyboard on some models); backup data and prepare OS install media if needed

    • After install: initialize disk, create partitions, format, install OS

  • HDD replacement in laptops

    • Similar steps to SSD; identify drive type and slot locations; backup important data; prepare OS install media

    • Important: know whether device uses SATA/NVMe and the correct drive form factor

  • Wireless card replacement in laptops

    • Disconnect power/battery; locate wireless card compartment; disconnect antenna wires carefully (delicate)

    • Install new card at approx. 30ext30^ ext{ } degree angle into PCIe mini PCIe or M.2 slot; secure with retention screw

    • Post-install: install necessary drivers

  • Biometric replacement in laptops (fingerprint scanners)

    • Power off, disconnect, remove battery; document all ribbon cable routes

    • After install: install device drivers and enroll via OS security settings or enrollment software

  • NFC/near-field scanner replacement in laptops

    • Power off; locate NFC module per service manual; note routing path for proper re-installation

    • Post-install: install drivers; test with NFC-enabled devices

  • Wi-Fi antenna connector replacement in laptops

    • Antennas run around the display frame; coaxial connectors are delicate (U.FL/MHF)

    • Replacement requires careful routing and reassembly to avoid degraded signal

  • Camera replacement in mobiles/laptops

    • Cameras are modular; replacement may involve screen/back panel removal; drivers may be required

  • Microphone, stylus, and other I/O components

    • Microphones: small, often soldered to motherboard or via flex cables; multiple mics in devices for noise cancel

    • Stylus: active vs passive; test batteries, pressure sensitivity, and Bluetooth if applicable


  • USB/C adapters and connectivity in mobile devices

    • USB-C: reversible, supports charging, data, video; USB 3.1/3.2/4; PD charging; applicable with universal standards

    • Micro USB/Min USB: legacy connectors; non-reversible; slower data rates; decreasing usage but may appear in field

    • Lightning (Apple): proprietary; reversible; charging/data/AV; moving towards USB-C in newer devices

    • NFC, Bluetooth, GPS, SIM/eSIM: SIM types (standard/micro/nano; eSIM digital SIM); APNs and roaming; Bluetooth pairing basics; GPS and power impact

  • Docking and accessories

    • Docking stations extend connectivity; common ports include HDMI, USB-A, Ethernet, SD card; some docks require external power; compatibility varies by device

    • Port replicators: USB-C or proprietary; fewer features than full docks; typically provide extra USB, video, and Ethernet

  • Mobile device networks: wireless and cellular basics

    • Wi-Fi and cellular data (3G/4G/5G) integration; APNs, roaming, data management; automatic switching between Wi-Fi and cellular

    • Mobile hotspots and tethering; USB tethering (stable), Bluetooth tethering (lower power)

    • SIM/eSIM: activation, APN, roaming; eSIM supports multiple profiles; BYOD considerations in MDM contexts

  • Mobile device management (MDM) and policy

    • MDM administers Wi-Fi, VPN, email, apps, and security across devices; BYOD considerations and containerization

    • Apps management; enterprise app store delivery; policy enforcement (remote wipe, encryption, etc.)

  • Networking in mobile environments

    • Data caps and sync settings; calendar and contact synchronization; cloud storage sync (Drive, OneDrive, iCloud, Dropbox)

    • Corporate apps and data separation; BYOD policy ramifications; data leakage risks

Port Numbers, Protocols, and TCP/UDP Basics

  • Port ranges and memory aids

    • Port numbers range from 00 to 65,53565,535; well-known ports are 0−10230-1023; exam emphasizes a select set

    • Key ports for 2201 exam:

    • FTP: 20/2120/21

    • SSH: 2222

    • Telnet: 2323

    • SMTP: 2525

    • DNS: 5353

    • DHCP: 67/6867/68

    • HTTP: 8080

    • POP3: 110110

    • IMAP: 143143

    • LDAP: 389389

    • HTTPS: 443443

    • SMB/CIFS: 445445

    • RDP: 33893389

    • Telnet (not secure) etc.

  • DNS/Email security records (recap)

    • A record maps domain to IPv4: AoIPv4A o IPv4

    • AAAA records map domain to IPv6: AAAAoIPv6AAAA o IPv6

    • CNAME: alias to canonical name

    • MX: mail exchange (mail server) with priority

    • TXT: text records for verification and security (SPF, DKIM, DMARC)

    • SPF: authorize sending hosts; DKIM: public key signatures; DMARC: policy and reporting; SPF/DKIM/DMARC work together for email authentication

  • TCP vs UDP basics

    • TCP: connection-oriented; reliable delivery with error checking and ACKs; three-way handshake: SYN\to\SYN-ACK\to\ACK; higher overhead; used where data integrity matters (web, email, file transfers)

    • UDP: connectionless; faster, lower overhead; no guaranteed delivery; used for speed-sensitive or real-time apps (streaming, gaming, VoIP)

  • Networking standards and concepts

    • Ethernet-related: MAC addresses; NICs; LANs/WANs; subnets; NAT; QoS basics; port forwarding; etc.

    • Basics of wireless channels and regulatory considerations (see Wireless section below)

Wireless Networking and 802.11 Standards

  • Wireless frequency bands

    • 2.4 GHz: longer range, better wall penetration, fewer channels; more interference from household devices (microwaves, cordless phones)

    • 5 GHz: higher speeds, more channels, less interference; shorter range and weaker wall penetration

    • 6 GHz (Wi‑Fi 6E): wider channels, more bandwidth; less congestion; shorter range

  • Channel width and regulation

    • Channel width examples: 20, 40, 80, 160 MHz; wider channels = higher speeds but more interference

    • Regulatory constraints per country (FCC/ETSI); DFS channels in 5 GHz/6 GHz where radar avoidance applies

  • 802.11 standards (summary)

    • 802.11a: 5 GHz, up to 54 Mbps, OFDM

    • 802.11b: 2.4 GHz, up to 11 Mbps, DS-SS

    • 802.11g: 2.4 GHz, up to 54 Mbps, OFDM; backward compatible with b

    • 802.11n: dual-band (2.4/5 GHz), up to 600 Mbps; introduced MIMO; backward compatible with a/b/g

    • 802.11ac: 5 GHz only; up to >1 Gbps; MU‑MIMO; wider channels up to 160 MHz; backward compatible with a/n

    • 802.11ax (Wi‑Fi 6): dual-band (2.4/5 GHz), optional 6 GHz (Wi‑Fi 6E); up to 9.6 Gbps; OFDMA; Target Wake Time; dense environments

    • 802.11ay/af/ah: less common in A+ scope (60 GHz, white-space TV spectrum, HaLow)

  • RFID basics (brief)

    • RFID uses radio waves to identify/track items using tags/readers; frequency ranges LF/HF/UHF; passive vs active tags; common uses: inventory, access control

  • Bluetooth and other wireless technologies

    • Bluetooth: short-range, low power; pairing, security (PIN/code); used for headsets, speakers, keyboards, wearables

    • NFC: short-range (usually <4 cm); mobile wallets, pairing, data exchange

  • Tethering and hotspots

    • Tethering via USB/Bluetooth; mobile hotspot as internet access source for devices

  • WAN/LAN considerations in mobile contexts

    • Wi‑Fi vs cellular handoff; APNs; BYOD; MDM implications on configuration and security

  • MDM and corporate device management in depth

    • MDM builds policy around Wi‑Fi, VPN, apps, security; BYOD separation via containers; device enrollment via credentials/QR codes; remote wipe, encryption, app control

Cloud Computing, Virtualization, and Modern IT Infrastructure

  • Core cloud service models (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS)

    • SaaS: software delivered over the internet; examples: Google Workspace, Microsoft 365, Salesforce

    • PaaS: platform for building/deploying apps without managing the underlying infra

    • IaaS: virtualized computing resources (servers, storage, networking) on demand

  • Cloud deployment models

    • Private cloud: single organization; on-premises or hosted; higher control/security

    • Public cloud: shared resources; pay-as-you-go; examples: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud

    • Hybrid cloud: mix of public and private; workload portability

    • Community cloud: shared among a group with common concerns

  • Cloud economics and resource management

    • Shared vs dedicated resources; metered utilization; ingress/egress data costs; elasticity; availability/SLAs

  • Data, synchronization, and virtualization concepts

    • File synchronization across devices; multi-tenancy; virtualization of desktops (VDI)

    • Storage virtualization and data protection; backups and snapshots; RAID/replication for disaster recovery

  • Virtualization fundamentals

    • Sandbox VMs; test development VMs; application virtualization; cross-platform & legacy support

    • Isolation, snapshots, and networks among VMs; patching and updates; VLANs/virtual switches; QoS in virtual networks

  • Containerization and modern workloads

    • Containers vs VMs; Docker and Kubernetes as orchestration tools; lightweight virtualization for microservices

  • Network and IT operations in cloud/virtualized environments

    • Availability and redundancy, failover, data center distribution; IaaS security implications; IAM concepts

Storage Technologies, RAID, and Filesystems

  • Storage media types and access methods

    • NVMe SSDs: PCIe connection; very high speeds (up to 7,000 MB/s7{,}000\ \text{MB/s} or more); NVMe forms: M.2, U.2; low latency

    • SAS SSDs: high performance enterprise option; dual-port capability; for mission-critical workloads

    • M.2 form factor: compact; supports SATA or NVMe; common for laptops/desktops

    • SATA SSDs/HDDs: SATA interface; speeds up to 6 Gbps6\ Gbps (SATA 3)

    • eSATA: external SATA interface for external drives

    • MSA (Mini SATA) disks: older/legacy; smaller form factors

  • RAID levels (key concepts and trade-offs)

    • RAID 0 (striping): high performance; no redundancy; one disk failure loses all data

    • RAID 1 (mirroring): redundancy; read performance improves; write performance limited by a single disk

    • RAID 5: striping with distributed parity; fault tolerance with one disk failure; write penalty due to parity; minimum 3 disks

    • RAID 6: striping with double parity; can survive two disk failures; higher write penalty

    • RAID 10: combination of striping and mirroring; high performance with redundancy; requires at least 4 disks

  • RAM and memory concepts for performance

    • DDR generations: DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, DDR5; pin counts differ (e.g., DDR4 288 pins; DDR3 240 pins)

    • SODIMM vs DIMM: SODIMM for laptops/compact systems; DIMM for desktops/servers

    • ECC vs non-ECC RAM: ECC detects and corrects single-bit errors; used in servers/workstations; slight performance impact; more expensive

    • Channel configurations: single, dual, triple, quad channel; dual channel commonly yields performance improvements; higher channels increase throughput in capable systems

    • CPU and memory considerations: CPUs/socket types affect RAM support; AMD vs Intel sockets; multisocket configurations in servers

  • CPUs and sockets

    • AMD sockets: AM4 (Ryzen/PCIe wiring); TR4/STRX4 for Threadripper (high-end/workstation)

    • Intel sockets: LGA 1151, LGA 1200, LGA 2066, etc.; LGA denotes Land Grid Array

    • Multisocket boards: enterprise servers with dual/quad sockets; require robust power delivery and cooling

  • Motherboard/form factors and connectors

    • ATX standard: typical desktop form factor (12" x 9.6"); up to 7 expansion slots; broad CPU/socket support

    • MicroATX: smaller (9.6" x 9.6"); limited PCIe slots

    • ITX (Mini-ITX): smallest common form factor; typically 1 PCIe slot; space-constrained builds

    • PCI/PCIe: modern expansion slots; PCIe has lanes (1, 4, 8, 16); speeds scale with lanes/version (e.g., PCIe 4.0, 5.0)

  • Power and cooling

    • Power connectors: 24-pin ATX; 8-pin + 4+4 CPU power; PCIe 6- or 8-pin for GPUs; Molex for legacy devices

    • PSU features: modular vs non-modular; wattage (300–1200+ W); 80 Plus efficiency ratings (Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Titanium)

    • Cooling: air vs liquid cooling; fans (PWM control); thermal paste/pads; heat sinks; liquid cooling requires maintenance

  • BIOS/UEFI, boot options, and security

    • BIOS vs UEFI: modern UEFI with Secure Boot; GPT support; network boot options; high capacity storage support

    • Boot options: boot order, PXE, alternate boot devices; secure boot management

    • USB permissions and device control in BIOS/UEFI: control USB ports and legacy support

  • Security hardware and settings

    • TPM (Trusted Platform Module): hardware-based crypto/storage; supports BitLocker and secure boot; TPM 2.0 common in newer systems

    • HSM (Hardware Security Module): external or add-on for higher-assurance crypto operations; PKI and keys management

    • UEFI security features: Secure Boot, TPM integration; BIOS/UEFI password protection (boot password vs BIOS password)

    • Passwords and authentication concepts: MFA, SSO, IAM basics

  • Other motherboard-related concepts

    • Temperature monitoring, virtualization support (Intel VT-x, AMD-V); PCIe GPU pass-through; sensors and firmware controls

    • Snapshots/backups of VMs; VLANs for VM networks; network isolation in virtualized environments

Networking Hardware, Cabling, and Maintenance Tools

  • Key networking hardware

    • Routers, switches, access points, patch panels, firewalls (UTMs common in small/medium networks)

    • Load balancers (layer 4 vs layer 7): distribute traffic; high availability

    • Proxies (forward/reverse/transparent): manage traffic and filter content

    • VPNs: site-to-site vs client-to-site; various protocols (IPSec, OpenVPN, etc.)

    • SANs and NAS concepts; storage connectivity in enterprise networks

  • Power over Ethernet (PoE)

    • PoE types: Type 1 (IEEE 802.3af) up to 15.4 W per port; Type 2 (IEEE 802.3at) up to 30 W; Type 3/4 (IEEE 802.3bt) up to 60–100 W

    • PoE injectors vs PoE switches; power delivery over CAT5e/CAT6; deployment considerations for IP cameras, VoIP phones, access points

  • Cables, connectors, and terminations

    • Copper cables: Cat 5e/6/6A; RJ-45 connectors; STP vs UTP; direct burial and plenum-rated cables

    • Fiber: single-mode vs multi-mode; LC/SC/ST connectors; MPO/MTP for high-density; patch panels

    • RJ11 vs RJ45: telephone vs Ethernet; F-type coaxial connectors (cable/TV) common in older setups

    • USB connectors: USB-A, USB-B, USB-C; USB 2.0 vs 3.0/3.1/4; color-coding on ports (blue for USB 3.x)

    • Display interfaces: HDMI (HDCP), DisplayPort (DP), DVI, VGA; adapters for legacy devices

    • Serial interfaces: RS-232 (DB9/DB25); still used in some industrial contexts

  • Tools and equipment for field techs

    • Crimper: RJ45, RJ11; cutting/stripping/punchdown capabilities

    • Cable stripper: remove jacket without damaging conductors

    • Toner probe: map cables in a bundle; two-part toner generator and detect/trace probe (fox-and-hounds)

    • Punchdown tool: terminate wires into patch panels/keystone jacks; 110/66 blocks

    • Cable tester: verify continuity and proper pinouts; remote units for long runs

    • Loopback plug: test port functionality by sending data back to source

    • Network tap/test access point: monitor traffic without affecting flow

Printing, Scanning, and Multi-Function Devices

  • Printer types and maintenance

    • Laser vs Inkjet vs Thermal vs Impact: laser uses toner; inkjet uses liquid ink; thermal uses heat-sensitive paper; impact uses mechanical head for multi-part forms

    • Printer maintenance basics: toner/ink levels, drum units, replacement of components, cleaning, calibration, jam clearing

    • Common printable issues: lines, garble, paper jams, faded prints, misfeeds, temp errors, speckling, echo/double images, bad color, queue issues

    • Printer control languages: PCL vs PostScript; PCL typically faster for simple jobs; PostScript for complex/graphics-rich documents

    • Printer firmware: importance of updates for performance and security; long-term maintenance implications

  • Networking and printing integration

    • USB connectivity for direct printing; Ethernet/Wi-Fi for network printers; print servers for centralized queue management

    • Printer sharing and access control; user authentication and secure print release (badge, PIN, etc.)

    • Email integration, SMB sharing, cloud-scanning features; ADF vs flatbed scanning

    • Common printer problems and fixes: bad cables, driver issues, queue problems, incorrect page orientation, tray misfeeds, toner issues

Data Networking and Server Roles

  • DHCP, DNS, and directory services

    • DHCP server roles: IP address assignment, subnet mask, gateway, DNS server addresses; lease concepts; static/reserved addresses; scopes and exclusions

    • DNS fundamentals: A/AAAA/CNAME/MX/TXT records; SPF, DKIM, DMARC for email authentication; 53 as the DNS port (UDP for standard, TCP for zone transfers)

    • LDAP basics: directory access; port 389 and 636 for secure LDAP

    • NTP: time synchronization; UDP port 123; importance for logging, authentication, and scheduling

  • Server roles in small to medium networks

    • File share server: SMB/CIFS; permissions and access control; central storage

    • Print server: centralized printer management; driver distribution; queue management

    • Mail server: SMTP/IMAP/POP3; spam filtering; spam gateways

    • Web server: HTTP (80) and HTTPS (443); Apache/Nginx/Microsoft IIS; serving content and apps

    • Syslog server: collects logs via UDP 514; centralized monitoring and auditing

  • Basic cloud and virtualization terminology

    • Cloud models, orchestration, and hosting concepts; IaaS, PaaS, SaaS; public vs private vs hybrid

    • Shared versus dedicated resources; multi-tenancy; elasticity and availability

    • Virtualization concepts: sandbox VMs, test/development VMs, application virtualization, cross-platform virtualization

    • VDI (Virtual Desktop Infrastructure): centralized desktop hosting; security and management benefits

    • Containers versus VMs: lightweight isolation vs full OS virtualization; Docker/Kubernetes basics

Storage, File Systems, and Data Integrity

  • File systems and formats

    • NTFS: Windows default; journaling, permissions, encryption; large file support

    • exFAT: cross-platform removable storage with large file support

    • FAT32: broad compatibility; 4 GB file size limit; partition size limitations

    • GPT: modern partitioning with GUIDs; supports large disks and more partitions; required for UEFI boot

  • Data integrity and backups

    • RAID levels review (as above) for performance vs redundancy

    • Data loss prevention (DLP): policies and controls to prevent sensitive data leakage

    • Backup strategies (GFS): Grandfather-Father-Son backups for retention planning

    • Snapshots and replication in virtualization/storage environments

  • Network storage technologies

    • SAN (Storage Area Network): high-speed network for block-level storage; FC/iSCSI/FCoE; data center use cases

    • NAS vs SAN: NAS provides file-level access, SAN provides block-level; both centralize storage

  • Misc storage topics

    • NVMe vs SATA SSDs; M.2 vs 2.5"; PCIe lanes and throughput

    • RAM and storage performance trade-offs; IOPS and latency metrics

Security, Access Control, and Risk Management

  • Core security concepts

    • AAA: Authentication, Authorization, Accounting

    • MNDA/NDA, SLAs, and MSP contracts (RMM, MDR, etc.)

    • IAM basics: MFA, SSO, least privilege, and role-based access control

  • Encryption and hardware security

    • AES: Advanced Encryption Standard; key lengths 128/192/256; modes CBC/ECB (note: some exam content avoids deep mode details)

    • TPM/HSM: hardware-backed keys; secure boot; BitLocker; remote attestation

  • Network and data protection mechanisms

    • VPN basics; IPSec/OpenVPN; site-to-site vs client-based VPNs

    • Firewall basics; IDS/IPS concepts; UTMs

    • DMARC/S PF/DKIM: email authentication and domain reputation; importance in phishing defense

  • Common security certifications and terminology (brief)

    • A wide set of acronyms introduced (AAA, AES, ARM, ATX, BYOD, CAC, CIFS, CMDB, CNAME, CPU, DB9, DLP, DMARC, DNS, DoS, DRM, DSL, DVI, ECC, EDR, EFS, EOL, eSATA, ESD, EULA, exFAT, FAT32, FRT, FTP, GFS, GPS, GPT, GUID, HDD, HDMI, HSM, ISO, ITX, KVM, LAN, LC, LDAP, LED, MAC, MAN, MBR, MDM, MDR, MFA, MMC, MNDA, MSA, MX, NAS, NTFS, NTP, NVMe, APFS, APIPA, ARM, ATX, BEC, BIOS, BSOD, BYOD, CAC, CIFS, CMDB, CNAME, CPU, DB9, DDoS, etc.)

  • Ethics and practical implications discussed in training

    • BYOD policies raise privacy vs corporate control issues; data separation via containerization

    • The importance of safe handling of hardware in-field to protect customer data and avoid liability

    • The balance between keeping devices secure and enabling user productivity; risk-based decision making

Quick Reference: Key Practical Reminders

  • Do not power a device with static risk; always use ESD protection when possible

  • Always backup data before replacing disks or performing OS installations

  • Document every disassembly step and screw location; use labeled trays or magnetic grids

  • Validate hardware compatibility (RAM type, RAM speed, DIMM vs SODIMM, ECC vs non-ECC, NVMe vs SATA)

  • Keep service manuals handy; many issues hinge on device-specific steps

  • For network/troubleshooting, systematic approach: isolate, replicate, identify, and verify fixes

Practice Prompts and Study Tips

  • Memorize the top port numbers and associated services for quick recall on the exam and practical field work

  • Review the differences between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz networks; understand when to use which based on range vs speed requirements

  • Understand RAID basics and trade-offs; be able to explain the consequences of disk failure on each RAID level

  • Recall common storage forms (SSD/HDD types, NVMe/SAS, M.2 vs 2.5-inch) and how they connect to the motherboard

  • Be prepared to discuss MDM concepts and BYOD considerations in corporate deployment scenarios

  • Know the common DNS records (A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, TXT) and the purpose of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC in email security

Closing

  • This course is designed to be a foundational guide; your feedback shapes the next iterations

  • If you want deeper coverage on a specific subtopic, comment and we’ll consider creating a focused video and updating the course accordingly

  • Best of luck on your exam prep, and stay curious and methodical in your study and hands-on practice