Fed 10, Brutus 1, Fed 15

Multiple Choice (2 points each, 20 points total)
- Modeled on AP style.
- Questions may ask you to:
- Compare Madison v. Brutus.
- Identify Constitutional principles.
- Interpret claims and scenarios.
Short Answer (5 points each, 15 points total)
- Answer requirements: 2 - 4 sentences each.
- Precision is more important than length.
Concept Application (15 points total)
- In this question, you will:
- Read a short political scenario.
- Identify a relevant principle or argument.
- Apply ideas from the Federalist or Anti-Federalist writings.

Definition of Faction:
- A faction is defined as a group of individuals, such as a political party or interest group, that have a distinct political interest or agenda that may conflict with the rights of others or the common good.
Why Factions are Inevitable:
- Factions are inevitable due to the nature of man, as individuals have differing opinions, interests, and passions, leading to the formation of distinct groups.
Why Eliminating Factions Threatens Liberty:
- Eliminating factions would require suppressing personal liberty since people must be allowed to express their views and interests.
How a Large Republic Controls Factional Effects:
- A large republic dilutes the power of factions by increasing diversity; thus, no single faction can dominate.
Role of Representation in Limiting Majority Tyranny:
- Representation allows elected officials to be chosen by the public, who can then act against the majority tyranny that can emerge from direct democracy.

Critique of a Large Republic:
- Brutus argues that a large republic is unmanageable and leads to a disconnection between representatives and constituents.
Concerns about Representation and Distance:
- As representatives are distanced from their constituents, they will be less responsive to the needs and concerns of the people.
Fear of National Power over States:
- The Anti-Federalist perspective holds that a strong national government threatens the states’ rights and autonomy.
Argument for Explicit Protection of Liberties:
- Brutus emphasizes the need for clear protections of individual liberties to prevent government overreach.
Importance of a Bill of Rights:
- The Bill of Rights serves as necessary protection of citizens' fundamental rights against potential government infringement.

Assumptions about Human Nature:
- The document suggests that humans are inherently self-interested, leading to the need for systems that can check personal ambitions.
“Ambition Must be Made to Counteract Ambition”:
- This principle indicates that the interests of individuals should counterbalance each other to prevent excessive power concentration.
Purpose of Separation of Powers:
- The separation of powers is designed to ensure that no single branch of government becomes too powerful.
Function of Checks and Balances:
- Checks and balances provide mechanisms through which each branch can monitor and limit the actions of the others, preventing abuse of power.
Why Internal Controls are Necessary in Government:
- Internal controls (checks and balances) are vital for promoting accountability within government entities, ensuring balanced representation and authority.

Federalism:
- A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (like states).
Separation of Powers:
- The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.
Checks and Balances:
- A system that ensures that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups. It allows each branch of government to amend or veto acts of another branch.
Popular Sovereignty:
- The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.