Assistive Technology (AT), HAT Framework, and Universal Design Principles

Assistive Technology (AT)

What is Assistive Technology?

  • Assistive Technology (AT) is anything used to modify a task or tool to increase independence.
  • It can be:
    • Low-tech: Simple modifications (e.g., built-up handle on a hairbrush).
    • Medium-tech: Requires moderate training (e.g., tub bench, large button telephone).
    • High-tech: Complex and requires a lot of training (e.g., robotic arm for self-feeding, power stand assist wheelchair).

HAT Model

  • Stands for Human, Activity, and Assistive Technology.
  • Parallels the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF).
  • Considerations:
    • The Person: Capabilities and deficits.
    • The Activity: What they seek to accomplish.
    • The Assistive Technology: How it supports their performance.
    • Independence level achievable.
    • Budget constraints.

Legislation

  • Rehabilitation Act of 1973
    • Enforces non-discrimination and reasonable accommodation.
    • Takes federal funding away from discriminatory programs.
    • Amended to include AT provisions and funding for:
      • Vocational rehabilitation.
      • Public schools.
      • Government employees.
  • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990
    • Prohibits discrimination based on disability in:
      • Employment
      • State and local government
      • Public accommodations
      • Commercial facilities
      • Transportation
      • Telecommunications
    • Mandates ADA compliance in public spaces.

Seven Principles of Universal Design

  • Equitable use.
  • Flexibility in use.
  • Simple and intuitive use.
  • Perceptible information.
  • Tolerance for error.
  • Low physical effort.
  • Size and space for approach and use.
  • Goal: AT devices should be usable by anyone, regardless of sensory, physical, or cognitive limitations.
  • 100% accessibility is difficult to achieve, but it's the aim.

Examples of Universally Designed AT Devices

  • Electronic Aids to Daily Living (EADL): (e.g., Alexa, Google, Siri).
    • Control lights, heaters, music, etc., via voice command.
  • Complex Text Entry Technology: Speech-to-text or voice recognition.

General AT Information

  • Not all AT devices come from medical catalogs; many are modified home tools.
  • OTs use their "OT lens" to view people, objects, and environments creatively.