5.4 Industrialization: roles of government

Focused on railroads and exports by 1900, with over 36,000 miles of railroad.
Trans-Siberian Railroad: Connected Moscow to the Pacific, facilitating trade with East Asia including China and Japan.
Developed coal, iron, and steel industries, becoming the fourth largest producer of steel by 1900.
Economy remained predominantly agricultural until after the Communist takeover in 1917.

Japan was the first Asian country to industrialize, having minimal contact with Europe since the 17th century.
Mid-19th century: Defensive modernization aimed to adapt Western technology to preserve traditional culture.
Emerged as a leading world power by the late 19th century.

While Middle Eastern and Asian regions continued to produce goods, their share in global manufacturing declined.
Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia:
- Resurgence at the end of the 17th century due to political alliances but suffered under British colonization.
- The Indian Navy was established but disbanded in 1863 when the Royal Navy took control of the Indian Ocean.

British colonial rule hindered India’s mineral production.
British East India Company control from 1757 to 1858 included steep tariffs leading to a decline in metal mining.
After the Rebellion of 1857, mines were closed fearing they were used for ammunition production.
Arms Act of 1878: Restricted access to minerals and firearms production, leading to a decline in mining, especially in Rajasthan.
Mining industry essentially collapsed in India until the early 20th century.

Both nations were early participants in textile trade.
British colonialism stifled India's textile industry, favoring British mills over local production.
India faced taxes that undermined profitability, leading to the decline of local industries in favor of British imports.
Egypt also lost its textile market to large-scale European production by the mid-19th century.

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain but quickly spread to Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan.
Essential components for industrialization included capital, natural resources, and waterways.

France faced issues with a limited labor force due to sparse urban centers and was affected by the French Revolution, delaying industrial progress.
Germany’s fragmentation into states delayed industrialization until unification in 1871 led to rapid growth in steel and coal production.

Industrial revolution began in the 19th century; by 1900, it had become a leading industrial power.
An influx of immigrants provided a workforce for factories, driven by political upheaval and poverty in their home countries.

Britain used products for food (wheat), rubber (tires, footwear, fabrics), cooking oil (palm oil), refined sugar, meat, and textiles.
Russia began to industrialize focusing on railroads, and by 1900, had become a significant player in steel production despite an agricultural base.