WEEK-1-CHN

Community Health Nursing Overview

  • Community Health Nursing II: Focuses on building knowledge and skills related to health within communities.

Course Structure

  • Syllabus: Course guide outlining objectives and topics.

Health as a Human Right

  • Constitutional Mandate: According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article II, Section 11 and 15, health is recognized as a fundamental human right.

  • Obligation of the State: The government is tasked with protecting and promoting the health rights of all citizens.

Vision of the Department of Health (DOH)

  • DoH aims for Filipinos to be among the healthiest people in Southeast Asia by 2022 and Asia by 2040 (DOH, 2017).

Components of Rights to Health (CESCR, 2000)

  1. Availability: Adequate public health services must be operational.

  2. Accessibility: Health services must be obtainable by everyone, with intersecting features:

    • Non-discriminatory

    • Physically accessible

    • Economically affordable

    • Information accessible

  3. Acceptability: Services must respect medical ethics and be culturally appropriate.

  4. Quality: Services must adhere to scientific and medical standards.

Understanding Key Concepts in Community Health Nursing

  1. Community as a Client:

    • Defined by geographic boundaries and a sense of belonging.

    • Shared culture, common interests, and collective functions.

  2. Health as a Goal: Focus on holistic health care (Universal).

  3. Nursing as a Vehicle:

    • Involves the art and science of caring, grounded in nursing theory.

Definitions of Community Health Nursing

  • A specialized field focused on:

    • Care provided to individuals, families, and communities.

    • Promoting health and preventing diseases via people empowerment.

    • Enhancing health capabilities collectively.

  • Janet Heinrich and Ruth B. Freeman: Emphasized the role of nursing in developing community health capabilities.

  • Mengitsu (2006): Blends nursing and public health practices for population health promotion.

  • Maglaya et al: Utilizes the nursing process across clientele levels for health promotion and rehabilitation.

  • WHO: Encompasses skills in nursing and public health for enhancing health conditions and rehabilitating illnesses.

Major Goals of Community Health Nursing (CHN)

  • Preserve the community’s health by focusing on health promotion and maintenance for individuals, families, and groups.

Philosophy of Community and Public Health Nursing

  • Anchored on the worth and dignity of man (Dr. M. Shetland).

Principles of Community and Public Health Nursing (ANA, 2007)

  1. Focus on the community as the unit of care.

  2. Prioritize community needs.

  3. Collaborate as equal partners with community members.

  4. Emphasize primary prevention strategies.

  5. Promote a healthful physical and psychosocial environment.

  6. Outreach to all potential service beneficiaries.

  7. Optimize resource use based on best practices.

  8. Work in collaboration with others in the community.

Features of Community Health Nursing (CHN)

People

  • Population variables affecting health include:

    • Size, density, composition, rate of growth, mobility, social class, educational level, and cultural characteristics.

Location

  • Natural Factors: Geographic features, climate, flora, and fauna impact health and food sources.

  • Man-Made Variables: Community boundaries, open spaces, and quality of resources like air and water.

Social System

  • Encompasses interrelationships affecting health, including family, economic, educational, political, and health systems.

Theoretical Models/Approaches

1. Health Belief Model (HBM)

  • Key Premise: Behavioral change requires belief in susceptibility to a condition and understanding of the benefits of action.

  • Components:

    • Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers to health actions.

    • Cues to action and self-efficacy.

2. Milio’s Framework for Prevention

  • Focuses on community-oriented, population-focused care, addressing determinants of community health through public policy.

3. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model

  • Aims to help patients achieve optimal health based on past experiences and behaviors, resulting in health-promoting actions.

Health Promotion Model Constructs

  • Individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and associated outcomes.

  • Emphasizes the role of interpersonal and situational influences on behavior.

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

  • Framework for planning and evaluation in community health interventions, focusing on social diagnosis, epidemiological assessment, behavior and environmental assessment, and evaluation phases.

  • Involves several phases from identifying social problems to monitoring and evaluating the outcome of implemented health interventions.