Plant Cell Structures and Functions

Overview of Plant Cells

• Plant cells are three-dimensional, although they appear flat in diagrams.

Plant Cell Components and Functions

• Nucleus: Controls all cell activities, including cell repair. Contains thread-like structures called chromosomes, which are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins. Genes on the chromosomes store information passed down from one generation to the next.

• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance containing other cell parts like the nucleus and chloroplasts. Site where new materials are constantly made and broken down. It is reduced to a thin lining in plant cells due to the large vacuole.

• Chloroplasts: Disc-like structures containing a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll traps light so plants can make food during photosynthesis.

• Cell Membrane: Thin layer that controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell. It is partially permeable, allowing only certain materials to pass through.

• Cell Wall: Strong and stiff structure made of cellulose. Supports the plant cell and gives it a regular shape.

• Vacuole: Single large structure forming the largest part of the plant cell. Filled with cell sap (sugar and mineral salts dissolved in water), which keeps the cell firm by taking in water.