DC US History CH 3.1

Timeframe: $1500s$ ; Spain expanded to the Philippines and to areas in the Americas; goals included gold/silver and converting Native Americans to Catholicism; social order was patriarchal, with Spaniards atop a pyramid and Native peoples and Africans beneath; both Native peoples and Africans resisted Spanish claims.
Diseases: European diseases such as smallpox killed far more natives than swords.
Labor systems: Encomienda assigned Native workers to mine and plantation owners; intended to defend the colony and teach Christianity, but it exploited Native workers; later replaced by the repartimiento, which required Native towns to supply a pool of labor.

$1513$ : Juan Ponce de León claimed Pascua Florida (Feast of Flowers, or Easter) for Spain.
$1562$ : French Protestants established Fort Caroline north of St. Augustine; Spanish attacked and destroyed to secure their claim and reduce French threat; Catholics vs Protestants.
$1565$ : Menéndez founded St. Augustine; the oldest European settlement in the Americas.
$1586$ : English privateer Sir Francis Drake destroyed St. Augustine, revealing vulnerability; forts later built to defend the town.
$1672-1695$ : Construction of Castillo de San Marcos to defend against rivals.
Timucua: displaced from Seloy; population collapsed from around $200{,}000$ pre-contact to $50{,}000$ in 1590, and to $1{,}000$ by 1700; Catholic priests pressed for conversion.

Late $1590s$ – $1610$ : Juan de Oñate explored the Southwest; $1610$ : Santa Fe established as the capital of the Kingdom of New Mexico, an outpost of New Spain (headquarters in Mexico City).
Missionaries sought to convert the Pueblo to Catholicism; initially Pueblo adopted compatible practices but priests demanded full abandonment of native beliefs.
$1670s$ : Drought and Apache/Navajo attacks contributed to Pueblo discontent with Spanish presence; Popé urged a return to native ways.

$1680$ : Pueblo Revolt destroyed the Spanish presence: killed over $400$ Spaniards and drove as many as $2{,}000$ south toward Mexico.
$1692$ : Spanish returned and reasserted control.
Popé’s perspective: the revolt was a response to Spanish oppression; Spaniards blamed the Devil, but later prevailed in restored control.