Comprehensive Review: Science, Arts, Literature, and Laws

Scientific Principles and Natural Phenomena

Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior. In the realm of physics and optics, red light is characterized by having the lightest photon energy, while violet light possesses the highest photon energy. A mirage is described as an optical phenomenon related to optical focus, often observed on asphalt during specific thermal conditions. During the summer time, the North Pole experiences the Midnight Sun, while the South Pole experiences winter time. In terms of chemical abundance, Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere, Oxygen is the most abundant in the Earth's crust, and Hydrogen is the most abundant in the entire universe.

Thermal reactions are categorized as exothermic when energy is released and endothermic when energy is required. In the biological cell, the mitochondria is known as the powerhouse and is the site of the electron transport chain. Health and nutrition requirements involve various vitamins, where a deficiency in Vitamin C results in Scurvy, Vitamin B1 deficiency causes Beri-beri, and Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness. Bacteria and amoeba are examples of unicellular organisms. Carbohydrates are organized into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Micromolecules discussed include polysaccharides, triglycerides, polypeptides, and nucleotides.

Fathers and Pioneers of Science and Medicine

The history of science is marked by several figures of importance: Wilhelm Roentgen is the Father of X-ray, Linus Pauling is recognized as the Father of Electronegativity, and Alexander Graham Bell is associated with the telephone and the decibel. Henri Becquerel is the Father of Radioactivity. Subatomic particles were identified by J.J. Thomson (Electron), Goldstein (Proton), and James Chadwick (Neutron). Louis Pasteur developed vaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies (CAR), while Robert Koch studied the same diseases plus tuberculosis (CAT).

In the study of viruses and bacteria, Adolf Mayer studied bacteria, and Ivanovsky discovered small and filterable bacteria. Beijerinck is credited with discovering the virus (poison), and Wendell Stanley successfully crystallized a virus. Edward Jenner is a pioneer in immunology, developing the vaccine for smallpox. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek is celebrated as the Father of Microbiology. The field of geography was first introduced by Eratosthenes. Medical specialists include oncologists for cancer and urologists for urinary diseases. Meteorology involves the study of weather and typhoons. Coal is ranked by quality, with lignite being the lowest rank and anthracite the highest rank. Ocean tides are primarily caused by the gravitational pull of the moon.

Earth Sciences, Meteorology, and Ecology

Ecological succession occurs in two forms: primary succession follows events like volcanic eruptions, while secondary succession follows events like forest wildfires. Carbon Dating 14 is a method used to determine the age of rocks and organic materials. Temperature thresholds for water include boiling at $100^{\circ}C$, $212^{\circ}F$, and $373.15\,K$. Freezing water occurs at $0^{\circ}C$, $32^{\circ}F$, and $273.15\,K$. The atmosphere is divided into layers: the lowermost is the troposphere where weather occurs and human life exists; the stratosphere contains the ozone layer and is where airplanes fly; the mesosphere is the coldest layer where meteors burn up; the thermosphere is the hottest and is where the aurora australis (southern) and aurora borealis (northern) are observed; the exosphere is the outermost layer leading to outer space. The space between planets is known as interplanetary space.

Clouds are classified by shape and altitude, with cumulonimbus clouds specifically bringing thunderstorms. Acid rain is caused by the presence of Nitrogen Oxide ($NO_{x}$) and Sulfur Dioxide ($SO_2$). Eutrophication or hypertrophication in water bodies can diminish fish harvests. Pure substances that cannot be broken down by chemical processes are elements, while compounds can be broken down. Mixtures consist of combined substances. Chemical bonds include ionic bonds between metals and non-metals like Sodium Chloride ($NaCl$) and Sodium Fluoride ($NaF$), and covalent bonds between non-metals such as water ($H_2O$), methane ($CH_4$), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). Colloids scatter light and do not settle, such as milk, while suspensions settle out and cannot transmit light.

Biological Structures and Systems

The human eye's pupil controls the amount of light entering, while eyelashes have a growth cycle of approximately 3.5 months. Electrolytes are critical during sunstroke or heat stroke to balance fluids. The Phylum Chordata includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (FARBM). Scavengers like vultures feed on dead animals. In plant reproduction, the endosperm is triploid, the ovum and zygote are haploid and diploid respectively. The vocal cords are located in the larynx (voice box), and the throat is the pharynx. Tissue culture is used to produce rare plants, and microbial culture helps identify bacteria. Geographic isolation can result from sudden catastrophes. Syphilis is a disease that can be passed through sexual intercourse, while gonorrhea cannot be tested using blood. Eating disorders include Bulimia Nervosa (too much eating) and Anorexia Nervosa (too little eating). One drop of semen contains 5 to 10 million sperm.

Ecosystems are biotic structures interacting with the environment. Ribosomes synthesize protein. Chitin is the structural component of crustaceans. Biological organization ranges from the organism (individual), to population (same species in one area), community (different species in the same area), and the biosphere (the living world). Cellular respiration produces Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as its end product. The excretory system includes various organs, but the stomach is not part of it. The body's organic composition consists mainly of Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen (OCHN), while the atmosphere is composed of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Carbon Dioxide (NOAC). Hydrolysis is the process of using water to break down substances. Genetic traits include sex-influenced traits like baldness and sex-linked traits like hemophilia.

Physics, Chemistry, and Advanced Natural Science

Tides vary by moon phase; a Spring Tide occurs during New or Full Moons, resulting in higher high tides and lower low tides. A Neap Tide occurs during the First or Third Quarter, resulting in lower high tides and higher low tides. Shadows formed during eclipses include the Penumbra (lighter) and the Umbra (darker). In chemistry, graphite is the form of carbon used in pencils. All acids contain the element Hydrogen. Electrolytes for fluid balancing include Sodium and Potassium. Lung disease can be caused by Sulfur Dioxide, while tinea flava is a skin disease. Carbon compounds are found in soap, toothbrushes, cups, and humans. Biological classification (Linnyean Taxonomy) includes categories like Phylum and Family. Hibernation occurs in the cold season, while aestivation occurs in the hot season. Searing meat uses heat to cause a brown color. Gibberellin is a hormone responsible for germination.

Sound and atomic physics data includes autumnal leaves at 10-20 decibels, whispers at 30-40 decibels, quiet classrooms at 60-70 decibels, and noise pollution at 90-100 decibels. Atomic numbers for elements are Sulfur ($S = 16$), Phosphorus ($P = 15$), Chlorine ($Cl = 17$), and Silicon ($Si = 14$). Uranium ($238$) has atomic components of 92, 92, and 146. In biology, muscle contraction involves Myosin and Actin overlapping but not touching when relaxed. Series circuits have one pathway. Diffusion is demonstrated when ink turns blue in a glass of water. Plants breathe through lenticels in the stem and trunk, and stomata in the leaves. Osmosis is the passage through a semi-permeable membrane. Gases have the weakest intermolecular attraction. The discovery of fire occurred in the Paleolithic period. Soil is the main source of nutrients for plants. Decomposition processes include autolysis and putrefaction. Fraternal twins result from separated egg cells. Turgor pressure is the membrane pressure against the cell wall. Lipids are hydrophobic.

Other scientific facts include Nitrous Oxide being laughing gas and Parkinson's disease being linked to Dopamine levels. Magnetism types include ferromagnetic (Iron, Nickel, Cobalt), diamagnetic (Gold), and paramagnetic (Aluminum). Surface tension allows items like coins, paper clips, and razor blades to sit on water. Heart movements are systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation). Bacterial shapes include vibrio (comma), bacilli (rod), cocci (spherical), and spirilla (spiral). Bioremediation uses microorganisms to clean toxic waste. Volcanic tephra are rock fragments thrown into the air, and a mixture of volcanic gas and ash is a pyroclastic flow. Emphysema is a common disease among cigarette smokers, enuresis is urinary incontinence, and encopresis is the repeated passing of feces outside of the toilet.

Filipino Literature and National Artists

Filipino culture and panitikan (literature) are defined by influential figures. Jose Nepomuceno is the Ama ng Pelikulang Pilipino. Juan Luna is considered the greatest Filipino painter, while Fernando Amorsolo was the first National Artist for Painting. Amado V. Hernandez is the Ama ng Makatang Manggagawa. Isabelo de los Reyes is the Ama ng Manggagawa and the Father of Socialism. Aurelio Tolentino is the Ama ng Dulang Kapampangan. Macario Pineda is known for Maikling Kuwentong Katutubong Kulay. Francisco Baltazar is the Ama ng Tagalog Poetry (Balagtasismo) and author of "Florante at Laura". Alejandro Abadilla is the Ama ng Modernong Patula ng Tagalog and Ama ng Malayang Taludturan.

Valeriano Hernandez Peña is the Ama ng Nobelang Pilipino. Eriberto Gumban is the Ama ng Panitikang Bisaya. Jesus Balmori is known as Batikuling. Jose Corazon de Jesus is the Makata ng Pag-ibig and wrote "Panitik" for "Bayan Ko". Andres Bonifacio is the Ama ng Demokrasyang Pilipino. Pascual Poblete is the Ama ng Pahayagang Pilipino, and Tomas Pinpin is the Ama ng Limbagang Pilipino. Claro M. Recto is known as the Great Dissenter and the Father of the Constitution. Severino Reyes is the Ama ng Dula at Sarsuwelang Tagalog.

Other notable figures include Modesto De Castro (Ama ng Klasikong Pilipino), Guillermo Tolentino (Father of Filipino Sculpture), Napoleon Abueva (Father of Modern Filipino Sculpture), Cecilio Lopez (Ama ng Linggwistika ng Pilipinas), Fernando Ma. Guerrero (Hari ng Panulaang Kastila), Genoveva Edroza-Matute (Ama ng Kuwentistang Pilipino), Antonio Luna (Pinakamahusay na Pilipinong Opisyal ng Militar), Leon Pichay (Prinsipe ng Bukanegan), and N.V.M. Gonzales (National Artist for Literature 1990). Epifanio De Los Santos (G. Solon) is the namesake of EDSA. Manuel L. Quezon is the Ama ng Wikang Pambansa. Mariano Perfecto is the father of Bicol and Hiligaynon literature. Damian Domingo is the father of the art of painting. In English literature, Edgar Allan Poe is the Ama ng Maikling Kuwentong English. Alberto Florentino wrote "The World is an Apple".

World Literature and Famous Authors

Global literacy history includes Rabindranath Tagore, the first Asian Nobel laureate. William Shakespeare is the Bard of Avon, known for "Romeo and Juliet". Edgar Allan Poe is the Father of Horror Stories and author of "Annabel Lee". Francis Bacon is the Father of Essays. Nick Joaquin wrote "Summer Solstice" and "May Day Eve". Jose Garcia Villa is the comma poet and proponent of "Art for Art's Sake". Bienvenido Santos wrote "Scent of Apples" reflecting Filipino-American culture. Kalidasa is the greatest Indian writer. Geoffrey Chaucer is the Morning Star of English Literature and author of "The Canterbury Tales". Thales of Miletus replaced myth with natural laws. Matsuo Basho is the greatest Haiku poet. Washington Irving is the Father of American Literature.

Other major works include Homer's "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey", Dante Alighieri's "The Divine Comedy", Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace", and Stephen Crane's "The Red Badge of Courage". William Faulkner wrote "The Sound and the Fury", and James Joyce wrote "Ulysses". Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote "Sonnets from the Portuguese", including Sonnet 43. Christopher Marlowe is the Father of Tragedy and wrote "Dr. Faustus". Wole Soyinka was the first Black Nigerian Nobel laureate in 1986. Robert Frost authored "The Road Not Taken".

Arts, Sculptures, and Cultural Heritage

Renaissance masters include Michelangelo Buonarroti (Sistine Chapel ceiling, David, Pietà, The Last Judgement) and Leonardo Da Vinci (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man). Sandro Botticelli painted "The Birth of Venus" and "Primavera". Raphael Santi painted the "School of Athens". Vincent Van Gogh is famous for "The Starry Night". Filipino National Artists for Visual Arts include Fernando Amorsolo (Dalagang Bukid) and Carlos "Botong" Francisco (muralist). Juan Luna painted the "Spoliarium". Juan Nakpil is the Father of Philippine Architecture, and Guillermo Tolentino is the Father of Philippine Sculpture. Eduardo Castrillo created landmark sculptures like the People Power Monument. Napoleon Abueva is the Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture.

Traditional Filippino weaving of "Puso" (hanging rice) involves six designs: 1. Bindga (1 strip, wine glass shape), 2. Kinasing (2 strips, human heart shape, used for thanksgiving/luck), 3. Tinigid (2 strips, chisel-like), 4. Badbaranay (2 strips, derived from "badbad" meaning to untie, for underworld spirits), 5. Binaki (4 strips, frog-like shape from "baki"), and 6. Manan-aw (8 strips, orchid-like, the biggest design for higher gods). Cultural methods of fabric creation include crocheting (single hook), embroidery (thread designs), knitting (pair of needles), and weaving (interlacing threads).

Arts Management, Stages, and Evaluation

The conceptualization of art involves the "5 C’s": Concept, Coordination, Control, Comparison & Contrast, Culmination, and Closeout. The "5 NI's" are also used in conceptualizing art. The creative process occurs in stages: Preparation (inspiration), Incubation (processing), Insight (Eureka moment), and Execution/Evaluation (including elaboration). Evaluating art follows the DAI steps: Description (subject), Analysis (principles), Interpretation (message), and Judgment (merit). The different planes of art proposed by Guillermo include the Semiotic Plane (study of signs), Iconic Plane (choice of subject), Contextual Plane (relationship of art and society), and Axiological Plane (values of work). The elements of dance are summarized by BASTE: Body, Action, Space, Time, and Energy.

Philippine UNESCO World Heritage Sites include the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, Vigan City, Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, Tubbataha Reefs, Baroque Churches, and Puerto Princesa Subterranean River. Sites 1, 2, 5, and 6 are cultural; 3 and 4 are natural.

Educational Laws and General Information

The Philippine legal landscape for education includes RA 7722 (CHED), RA 7796 (TESDA), RA 9155 (DepEd), RA 11510 (ALS Act of 2020), RA 10533 (K-12), and RA 10157 (Kindergarten Act). Professional standards are governed by RA 10912 (CPD Law), RA 4670 (Magna Carta for Public School Teachers), and RA 7836 (Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act). Social protection is provided by RA 7610 (Child Abuse), RA 7877 (Anti-Sexual Harassment), RA 9262 (VAWC), and RA 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled Persons). Language laws include Proclamation 12 (Linggo ng Wika for Balagtas) and Proclamation 186 (Linggo ng Wika for Quezon).

Other significant laws include the Data Privacy Act (RA 10173), Anti-Bullying Act (RA 10627), and the Free Internet Access in Public Places Act (RA 10929). Martial Law was proclaimed under Proclamation 1081 by Marcos Sr. (1972) and Proclamation 216 by Duterte (2017). The Indigenous People's Rights Act is RA 8371. The localization law is RA 8190.

English Vocabulary and Synonyms

Essential English terms include: Curtail (short, reduced), Sine Qua Non (indispensable), Abate (diminished/subsided), Amorphous (shapeless), Infraction (violation of laws), Dexterity (manual skill), Docile (easy to manage), Erudite (learned), Esoteric (understandable by few), Euphoria (extreme happiness), Impertinent (irrelevant), Loquacious (verbose), Penchant (fondness), Connoisseur (expert judge), and Rancor (bitterness). Expressions include "piece of cake" (easy task), "sixes and sevens" (confused/disorganized), and "Ad nauseam" (to the point of disgust).