Psychology

 1. Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes  2. Determinism: Belief that we have uncontrollable & predetermined characteristics  3. Phrenology: Pseudoscience that used head shape to explain and predict one’s behavior  4. Francis Galton’s Study: Francis Galton argued that traits, particularly intelligence, passed down from parents. He also believed that the children “famous and accomplished” parents often inherited their greatness as well.  5. Nature v. Nurture: Debate whether behavior is more predetermined or learned  6. Behaviorism: Psychology branch that argued that behavior can be controlled  7. Twin Studies: Twin studies are effective because they share the same genetic code, so only their environment is playing a factor in any differences between them.  8. Evolutionary Psychology: The idea that we behave we do because it helped our ancestors survive and reproduce  9. Easy problem of consciousness: We know we have conscious and unconscious thoughts

10. Hard problem of consciousness: What is consciousness?
11. Neuroplasticity: The ability for your brain to adapt & reorganize its structure and function due to experience
12. Subliminal messages: Sensations/messages that aren’t perceived on a conscious level but are on a subconscious level
13. Clairvoyance: The ability to remotely see objects with your mind
14. Project Stargate: Psychic spies program that conducted clairvoyance and other psychic experiments
15. Telekinesis: The ability to move objects with your mind
16. Precognition: The ability to tell the future
17. Telepathy: The ability to read minds
18. Zener cards experiment: Cards used to test extrasensory powers
19. Piaget Stages of C.D: A chart showing how a child’s ability to think develops over time
20. Absence of object permanence: Kids think an object’s are really gone when it is hidden
21. Absence of conservation skills: Kids believe that an object’s volume/mass changes when it’s form changes
22. Absence of self recognition: Kids can’t recognize themselves in the mirror
23. Absence of egocentricity: Kids believe that everyone knows what they know and they only see from their own POV
24. Classical conditioning: Causing an involuntary response to a happen when a controlled stimuli occurs
25. Ivan Pavlov’s dog experiment: Pavlov was able to make dogs salivate at the sound of a dinner bell
26. Case of “Little Albert”: Albert was a toddler who was conditioned to fear white rats but he ended up fearing all white furry things
27. Operant conditioning: Causing a voluntary response to happen when a controlled stimuli occurs
28. B.F. Skinner’s “Skinner box”: A specialized rat cage that was used to train a rat and pigeon’s behavior
29. Reinforcements: Rewards/punishments used to shape behavior
30. Disequilibrium Principle: The best type of reinforcement where you offer someone the opportunity to do something want to, but haven’t been able to
31. 4 types of operant training

    -Positive Reinforcement: Do something good, get something good

    -Omission Training: Do something bad, lose something good

    -Punishment: Do something bad, get something bad

    -Active avoidance: Do something good, you avoid something bad

32. Albert Bandura’s social learning theory & Bobo doll experiment: Social learning theory is the theory that behavior is learned by watching others & the kids in the bobo experiment imitated the behavior exhibited by adults
33. Vicarious punishment: We learn from the punishments of others
34. Vicarious reinforcement: We learn from the success of others
35. Self-efficacy: We don’t imitate behavior unless we feel like we can successfully imitate it
36. Self-fulfilling prophecy: When believing something makes it come true
37. Learned helplessness: When someone’s repeated failed attempts to do something result in the conclusion that they can’t do that things
38. Harry Harlow’s experiment on monkeys: Baby monkeys preferred the monkey parents that provided warmth over the one that provided. Baby monkeys without both exhibited severe symptoms of distress.
39. 4 Types of Attachment:

    -Insecurely: Clings & cries when without them

    -Securely: Likes their company but can be alone without them

    -Avoidant: Independent and avoids intimacy

    -Disorganized: Fears a person

40. Temperament: Personality (Specifically a child’s)

    -Easy: Happy and calm

    -Difficult: Negative and withdrawal

    -Inhibited: Fear of new people

    -Uninhibited: No fear of new people

41. Imprinting: Identification of parent figure right after birth
42. Konrad Lorenz’s gosling study: Konrad was able to get goslings to consider them as their parent. Imprinting is irreversible and has a short window.
43. 4 parenting styles:

    -Authoritarian: Total control & not too loving

    -Democratic: Firm but loving

    -Permissive: No authority but loving

    -Uninvolved: Only provides food & ==shelter==

44. Identity Crisis: Concerns about the future. Teen’s quest for self-understanding
45. Adolescence: Period of time of physical maturity without adult stats
46. “Personal fable of teenagers”: Adolescent belief that they’re invulnerable & that everything we will work out
47. “Messiah complex”: Belief that teens will save the world
48. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A brain scan
49. Frontalization: Completion of the writing of the front brain. Not developed in adolescence so they tend to partake in risky behaviors
50. Implicit bias: Subconscious bias that unintentionally affects judgements, decisions, & behaviors
51. Fundamental Attribution error: Attribution of behavior to overemphasized attributes/stereotypes and to underemphasize circumstances
52. Confirmation bias: Tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of previous beliefs
53. Aversive Racism: When who doesn’t think they’re racist but they still act discriminately
54. Implicit Association Test: Measures automatic association of objects/people within a person
55. Robber’s cave experiment & results: Studied how conflict arises between groups & how it can be cured with cooperation between the two groups
56. Erikson’s stages of life: Theory that identifies stages of life that also lists skills we have to master in each stage
57. Erikson’s concept of conflicts & virtues in each stage: If we master the conflict inherent in each stage we can then earn it’s virtue
58. Empty nest syndrome: Parent’s sadness when their child leaves
59. Midlife crisis: Period where adults experience frustration at unaccomplished dreams
60. Midlife Transition: Period where adults reassess & make practical changes
61. Terror management theory: Theory that most of human action is taken to ignore/avoid the inevitability of death
62. Stages of grieving process: Shock → Denial → Anger → Bargaining → Despair → Acceptance
63. Psychological resilience: Individual’s ability to properly adapt to stress
64. Hospice: Hospital for the dying
65. Norms: Unwritten rules that govern behavior & attitudes of group
66. Conformity vs. nonconformity: Act of following norms vs. act of not following norms
67. Deviance: Nonconformity that offends others
68. Group polarization: When a discussion about a controversial topic leads to both sides having more extreme views
69. Groupthink: Poor group decision’s making resulting from a focus more on unity than rational and critical thinking
70. Asch Experiment: Experiment that tested conformity
71. Asch Experiment Results: Almost 75% of participants conformed
72. Factors that decrease conformity: Conformity decreases when even 1 person conforms
73. Bystander effect: People aren’t willing to respond to a situation if others are present
74. Kitty Genovese: Kitty was murdered in open daylight and was witnessed by many but no one called the police
75. Ethic requirements of an experiment:

    -Do not harm

    -Must be voluntary

    -Clear any misconceptions by debriefing

    -Provide results & interpretation to participants

    -Keep confidentiality

    -Accurately describe any risks

76. Stanford Prison experiment: Fake prison experiment by Phillip Zimbardo where subjects of the experiments were separated into guards & prisoners
77. Stanford Prison results: It showed how ones roles affected their behavior

    Guards:

    -Tough but fair

    -Good guys

    -Totally ruthless

    Prisoners:

    -Model prisoners

    -Rebel prisoners

    -Prisoners that broke down

78. Immorality of Stanford Experiment: Participants were mentally and emotionally abused
79. Milgram experiment: An experiment involving false negative stimuli to see participants limits when taking orders
80. Milgram experiment results: It showed how willing people were to do horrible things if they were able to blame an authority figure “They were just following orders”
81. Immorality of Milgram’s experiment: It was unethical because it caused psychological harm when participants were told they acted like extermination camp guards

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