GROUP 1

Building Technology and Architecture 3B

Overview

  • Focus on various aspects of architectural technology and structural design.

Footings in Construction

  • Definition: Critical structural element that transfers a building's loads to the ground.

  • Purpose: Ensures stability, prevents uneven settlement and structural failure.

  • Types of Footings:

    • Spread Footings: Support individual columns. Distributes loads over a larger area.

    • Combined Footings: Support closely spaced columns; prevents differential settlement.

    • Raft Foundation: Large slab that supports multiple columns over the entire structure.

    • Sloped Footings: Angled base for uneven terrain to stabilize and aid water drainage.

    • Stepped Footings: Levels accommodate elevation changes, reducing soil pressure.

    • Strapped Footing: Links separate footings with a beam for stability between widely spaced columns.

Wall Footing

  • Definition: Foundation that supports load-bearing walls by distributing weight evenly.

  • Typically built as long, continuous strips.

Types of Concrete Slabs

  • One-Way Slab: Reinforces concrete slab supported across two sides; ideal for rectangular areas.

  • Two-Way Slab: Distributes loads in two directions, efficient for square areas.

  • Joist Slab (Ribbed Slab): Consists of parallel beams and a thin top layer for structural strength.

  • Flat Plate: Directly supported by columns; simple design, common in multi-story buildings.

  • Flat Slab: Similar to flat plate, enhanced load capacity features reduce punching shear risk.

  • Waffle Slab: Grid pattern provides strength and stiffness for large spans.

  • Hollow Core Slab: Precast slab with voids for reduced weight; cost-effective for large projects.

  • Hardy Slab: Uses lightweight hollow blocks to reduce concrete usage.

  • Bubble Deck Slab: Incorporates hollow spheres for weight reduction while maintaining strength.

  • Composite Slab: Combines reinforced concrete and steel for an efficient floor system.

Truss Framing System

  • Definition: Structural framework of interconnected triangular units used for strength and stability in roofs and large spans.

  • Parts of Truss:

    • Chord: Outer horizontal member that resists bending.

    • Web: Diagonal and vertical members connecting chords for load transfer.

    • King Post: Central vertical member to support downward forces.

    • Collar Beam: Prevents rafters from spreading.

Types of Trusses

  • King Post Truss: For small-scale structures, easy to construct.

  • Queen Post Truss: Designed for moderate spans, balanced load distribution.

  • Howe Truss: Combines vertical and diagonal members for stability and durability; common in bridges.

  • Fink Truss: Unique member arrangement, effective in distributing loads, especially in roofs.

  • Scissor Truss: Allows vaulted ceilings, efficient load transfer with added architectural appeal.

Ceiling Framing System

  • Definition: Framework that supports the ceiling surface and load.

  • Types:

    • Traditional Ceiling Framing: Uses wood or steel joists.

    • Suspended Ceiling System: Hangs below the main structure with grid support.

    • Vaulted/Cathedral Ceiling Framing: Follows roof pitch for open spaces.

    • Bulkhead Ceiling Frame: Used to conceal ducts and pipes.

Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)

  • Definition: Concrete blocks with hollow spaces used for various walls.

  • Types:

    • Stretcher Blocks: Join masonry units; placed parallel to the wall face.

    • Lintel Blocks: Provide support for beams above openings.

    • Partition Blocks: Ideal for constructing partition walls.

    • Column and Corner Blocks: Used in visible corners and structural connections.

    • Splitface Blocks: Textured surface prone to water damage but resistant to termites and fire.

Conclusion

  • Understanding footings, slabs, and trusses is essential in construction for stability and efficiency. The selection of appropriate materials and designs is crucial in achieving the structural integrity and functionality of buildings.