THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING reviewer

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING (REVIEWER)

HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE MODERN WORLD

• Medicine progressed from WITCHCRAFT
• On the 17^th century- hippocratic principles was rediscovered by the ENGLISH CLINICIANS.

GIOVANNI BATTISTA MORGAGNI- father of modern anatomical pathology.

WILLIAM HARVEY

• English physician who was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea.
• Correlated symptoms with organic changes thought by Giovani Morgagni.

HEROPHILUS

• He was the greatest anatomist of antiquity and perhaps of all time.
• He was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers.
• He recorded his findings in over nine works, which now all lost.
• He vivisected at least 600 live prisoners however, this account has been disputed by many historians.
• He is often seen as the father of anatomy.

GALEN

• Galen contributed substantial amount to the understanding of pathology.
• Four bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.
• Galen promoted this theory and the typology of human temperaments.

ANDREAS VESALIUS

• Real father of anatomy
• He is the first to challenge the theories of galen and carried out dissection.
• Based on his observation through anatomical study and dissection, he discovered and published the real facts of anatomy.
• He was the first to carry out dissection to closely observe the inner structure and construction of the human body.

LEONARDO DA VINCI

• The hidden father of modern anatomy.
• He produce the first accurate depiction of the human spine, while his notes documenting his dissection of the florentine centenarian contain the earliest known description of cirrhosis of the liver.
• He is not labeled as the father of human anatomy due to his focus on biology not particularly on the study of human body.
• EGYPTIAN MEDICINE
• originated in the practice of magic and centered around IMHOTEP
• medicine in egypt reached a surprisingly advanced stage of knowledge:

- the custom embalming- discovered different parts of the body and practice of surgery.

- 250 different diseases was discovered and treated with a number of drugs and procedures

• it was outgrew with the advanced experimental investigations of the greeks.

IMHOTEP

- A chief physician to the Pharaoh Zoser of the 3^rd dynasty about 3000B.C.

- “real father of medicine”

• EGYPTIAN PREGNANCY TEST

- The wheat and barley test, developed in ancient Egypt, involves urinating on wheat or barley seeds, then leaving them for 2 days.

-if the seeds sprout, the test is positive. If they do not, the test is negative.

• CUSTOM OF EMBALMING
• Medicine in egypt reached a surprisingly advanced stage of knowledge.
• it enabled egyptians to become well acquainted with organs of the body.
• from clinical observations they learned to recognize some 250 different diseases and treated them with drugs and procedures including surgery.
• By 480 B.C. neurosurgery was advanced beyond the imagination of the greeks.
• However, they lack of knowledge regarding normal and pathological physiology and experimental investigation limited their theories.
• GREEK MEDICINE

- with the decline of egyptian civilization, medicine came under GREEK influence.

• HIPPOCRATES- father of medicine who changed the magic of medicine to science of medicine.

- writings on fractures and bone dislocations before discovery X-rays

- OATH OF HIPPOCRATES- first ethical guide on medical conduct.

- role of wholesome food, physiotheraphy, fresh air and sunshine, emotions in the cure of illness.

• AESCULAPIUS- “God of healing”

- secular places of GODS

- correlation of women with their healing arts in greek mythology

• HYGEIA- goddess of HEALTH
• PANACEA- restorer of HEALTH
• Attendants were basket bearers who looked after sick, somewhat in the manner of NURSES
• HYPPOCRATIC OATH

- Parallels the teachings of nursing today though he labels health care providers as physicians.

- His writings has similarity with those of Florence Nightingale.

- it promotes professional loyalty- Physicians have ethics on mutual support of one another which nurses must learn and practice today.

- The Nightingale Pledge is more reactive and provides less structure to the building of a strong and cohesive nursing profession.

- The Hyppocratic Oath speaks of teamwork and supporting colleagues.

• GREEK MEDICINE AND HOSPITALS

- The CADUCEUS has its origins in Greek mythology and was associated with Hermes(or mercury in Roman mythology), the messeger of the Gods.

- In mythology, Hermes’ caduceus was a symbol of peace and neutrality and was used to guide souls to the afterlife. It wasn’t initially associated with medicine.

- The ROD OF ASCLEPIUS on the other hand, has a clearer historical association with medicine, as Asclepius was a greek good of healing and medicine

- The single serpent entwined around a staff is a more accurate representation of the medical profession.

EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH AND HOSPITALS

• Beginning in the first centuries AD, the early Christian Church and the teachings of Jesus Christ expressed succor to orphans, the poor, travelers and above all, the sick.
• PHOEBE- The DEACONESSES of the early church

- A Greek lady who is also remembered as the bearer of St. Paul epistle of the romans, a lay women appointed by the bishops.

- She visited the sick- the first visiting nurse

- The first DEACONESS

• Patients stayed in bishops houses until the establishment of special facilities throughout the Roman Empire.
• FABIOLA- the first women who established the first hospital as penance to he second marriage

- She administered the first hospital so well that her death was mourned by all Rome.

• Separate hospital developed for care of lepers, children, the aged and the strangers- now known as specialty institutions.
• Few centuries later in the Western World, the first hospitals immediately under the auspices of the Roman catholic church were founded, these still exist.
• Hotel Dieu (God’s Shelter)- in Lyons, France

- establish by CHILDELBERT

- On 650 A.D. Hotel Dieu was founded in Paris by Saint Landry

- longest record of hospital service

- today, the Hotel Dieu has 350 beds

- it’s the primary casualty centre for emergency cases in the first nine arrondissements in Paris.

- It also specializes in research into and the treatment of diabetes and it has a major opthalmology department, which caters for opthalmic emergencies, surgery and research.

MUSLIM MEDICINE AND HOSPITALS

• The idea behind hospitals in the Muslim world a thousand years ago was to provide a range of facilities from treatments to convalescence, asylum, and retirement homes.
• They looked after all kinds of people, rich and poor, because Muslims are honour-bound to provide treatment for the sick whoever they may be.
• These hospitals were funded by charitable religious endowments, called WAQF, though money from the state state coffers was also used for the maintenance of some hospitals.
• It was partly due to this funding that they quickly became strong scientific institutions and an integral part of city life.
• During the 8^th to 10^th centuries magnificent hospitals were constructed throughout the muslim world.
• They were staffed by physicians superior to any in the world because of knowledge gained from Greek counterparts.
• One well-endowed hospitals was in CAIRO and was prized target that the crusaders tried very hard to destroy.
• This muslims structures were in marked contrast to the rather gloomy gothic Hotel Dieu in France before.