Richard I - Paper 1

Duration of Richard's reign in England - 1189 to 1199

Plantagenet: Dynasty started by Henry II

Name of the duchy he was put in charge of (at age 15): Aquitaine

Year Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin: 1187

Name of city that fell to Richard and Phillip of France: Acre

Name of French king Richard fought with and against: Philip II

Crusader contingents that quarrelled during the 3rd Crusade: French, German, English

Year Richard signed a three-year truce with Saladin: 1192

Name of the Holy Roman Emperor who imprisoned Richard: Henry VI

Amount demanded as a ransom for Richard's release: 150,000 Marks

Year of Richard's release: 1194

His age at his death in 1199: 42

Elenor of Aquitaine: Queen of France and England, she was one of the most powerful women in Europe in the Middle Ages

Thomas Becket: Archbishop of Canterbury who denied Henry II's ability to try clergy and said only the Roman Catholic church could try priests - Henry's knights murdered him

Henry II of England: Married Eleanor of Aquitaine and got French land from her, strengthened royal courts, introduced jury and common law

Henry the Young King: (1155-1183) He never ruled alone, but instead co-ruled with his father Henry II, and died before his father.

Fief: An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty

Vassal: a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance.

Homage: Sworn allegiance

fealty: loyalty

Manor: A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

Baron: (n.) a nobleman of varying rank or a very wealthy or powerful businessman

Villien: A peasant under the protection of a lord

Royal demesne:

-A source of income \n -The land held directly by the king \n -Raised money through the sale of livestock and crops \n -Brought about rent from the towns and the countryside and by tallage \n -Tallages were paid by peasants and were resented. Through his reign, John increased the amount paid by towns and cities

Feudal System: A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services

Chivalry: the qualities idealized by knighthood such as bravery and gallantry toward women. To prove self as great soldier (respect, glory, honor) and religious devotion.

Ibn al-Athir: 13th-century Arab historian who writes a history of the crusades from the Arab perspective

Tancred: Seized control of Sicily after William II died (Richard's brother in law). Conquered by Richard and agreed to sign a treaty restoring the Angevin wealth.

Messina: a port city in northeastern Sicily that was conquered and looted by Richard I on his way to Jerusalem

Impact of Silicy Campaign:

-Richard acquired more funds for the crusades.

-Tancred remained king and remained on non-hostile terms with Richard.

-The personal rivalry brewing between Richard and King Philip was worsening.

Saladin: (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

Saladin Tithe: A tax used to raise money for the Third Crusade

Frederick Barbarossa: the Holy Roman Emperor who marched 12,000-20,000 people toward Jerusalem but drowned while en route in Turkey. The body was pickled in vinegar and brought to the holy land.

Guy of Lusignan: Christian King of Jerusalem who was expelled by Saladin at the battle of Hattin. Called for third crusade and staged the attack on Acre in 1189. Disputed with Conrad over the rightful king. Blamed for Conrad's assassination and Richard made him King of Cyprus in 1192

Treaty of Jaffa: Three-year truce

Muslim control of Jerusalem: Tyre to Jaffa controlled by Christians

Ascalon: Coastal city that opened the way to Cairo and Jerusalem. Of strategic importance especially to Saladin

Berengaria: Married Richard I in Sicily. Queen of England, sent to Sicily by Eleanor.

Geoffrey:

-3rd son of Henry II & Eleanor

-Rebelled against his father in the Great Revolt (1174)

-Fought against Richard I and his father to claim Anjou

-Died 1186

John Lackland

-Youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor

-Given control of Ireland by Henry II

-Seized control of England when Richard madre Geoffrey's son heir instead of John

-Allied with Philip to take control of Northern France

-King of Angevin Empire after Richard's death (1199-1216)

Massacre at Acre: Failed diplomatic talks led to Richard I killing 2,700 Muslim soldiers outside of this town.

Battle of Nottingham - 1194: Seen as impregnable. Richard took it over John in 3 days

Chateau Gaillard: Built by Richard to cut off the French from controlling Normandy in 1198