Week 3/5
š Greek Philosophy & Medicine
Q: What are the three parts of Platoās Tripartite Theory of the Soul?
A: Logos (reason), Thymos (spirit), and Epithymia (appetite)
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: How did Hippocrates influence Platoās ideas about health?
A: Plato linked a healthy mind to a balanced body, echoing Hippocratesā view of equilibrium among humours
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Q: According to Plato, how is philosophical life related to health?
A: One must maintain bodily balance to engage in philosophy, which is the highest human activity
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: What does Aristotleās term Teleology mean?
A: Everything in nature has an end or purpose (telos)āe.g., an acornās goal is to become an oak tree
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: What is Empiricism in Aristotleās philosophy?
A: Knowledge gained through observation and experience, forming theories from collected evidence
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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šŗ Alexandria & Hellenistic Medicine
Q: What was significant about Alexandria in the study of medicine?
A: It became a Greek science hub, home to a research museum and early anatomy studies
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: Who were Herophilus and Erasistratus?
A: Herophilus studied anatomy; Erasistratus studied physiology, both pioneering human/animal dissection traditions
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: What did the Pneumatists add to Hippocratic theory?
A: A fifth elementāpneuma (vital spirit)ābelieved to animate life
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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š Rome and Medicine
Q: How did Romans initially view Greek medicine?
A: They were suspicious, seeing it as foreign and a sign of weakness, preferring exercise, moderation, and good living
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: Who was Celsus, and what was De Medicina?
A: A wealthy Roman writer who composed De Medicina, a Latin encyclopedia of medical procedures and symptoms, beginning the Roman medical tradition
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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š©ø Galen of Pergamon
Q: What were Galenās key roles and beliefs?
A: Physician-philosopher; follower of Hippocrates; stressed prognosis over diagnosis; viewed medicine as a rational science
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: Where did Galen think blood was made?
A: In the liver, from digested food mixed with natural spirit (pneuma physicon)
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: What were Galenās three types of pneuma (spirits)?
A:
Natural ā from liver, gives nourishment
Vital ā from heart, gives life force
Animal ā from brain, controls motion and sensation
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Q: Why is Galenās model described as non-circulating?
A: He thought blood flowed outward and dissipated, not in a closed circuit
3) Faith, Fantasy, and Reason iā¦
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Q: What is teleological anatomy according to Galen?
A: Each body part has a specific purposeful functionānothing in the body exists by accident
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šæ India ā Ayurveda
Q: What does āAyurvedaā mean?
A: The knowledge (veda) needed for long life (ayus)
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What are the three Ayurvedic doshas?
A: Vatha (wind), Pitha (bile), Kapha (phlegm)
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What are the dhatus?
A: Seven bodily tissues: lymph, blood, flesh, fat, bone, marrow, semen
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: Which two key Ayurvedic texts shaped Indian medicine?
A: The Caraka Samhita (diagnosis, causes) and Susruta Samhita (surgery)
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What are Ayurvedaās four pillars of healing?
A: Physician, attendant, medicine, and patient
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š¶ China ā Qi and YināYang
Q: What is Qi?
A: The vital energy connecting all life and nature; imbalance causes illness
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What does Yin and Yang represent?
A: The dual forces of the universeāYin (dark, female, earth) and Yang (light, male, heaven)
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What are the five Chinese elements?
A: Wood, fire, metal, water, and earth
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: Name the five methods of treatment in Chinese medicine.
A: Spiritual balance, diet, acupuncture, drugs, bowel regulation
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āŖ Medieval West
Q: What was the Salerno School known for?
A: A monastery-based school that became the first European medical university, translating Greek ā Arabic ā Latin texts
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: Why was the Church wary of medicine?
A: It feared focus on the body might undermine the soul; healing became an act of charity
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What were healing shrines and patron saints?
A: Religious sites linked to specific ailmentsāe.g., St. Apollonia (toothache), St. Roch (plague)
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: How did universities shape medieval medicine?
A: Modeled on Salerno; used Articella (with Hippocrates & Galen) as the main textbook
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What was the Arte dei Medici e Speziali?
A: A Florentine medical guild (1197) that regulated doctors and pharmacists, often excluding women
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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ā° Diseases & Epidemics
Q: How was leprosy viewed in medieval Europe?
A: As a sinful, contagious condition; sufferers were segregated in lazarettos
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What caused the Bubonic Plague (Black Death)?
A: Yersinia pestis, transmitted by fleas on rats
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What were medieval explanations for the plague?
A: Divine punishment, planetary alignments, or bad air (miasma)
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: How did Europe respond to the plague?
A: Religious penance, persecution of minorities, and quarantine lawsāthe word āquarantineā (40 days) comes from Croatia/Venice measures
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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Q: What was the plagueās long-term effect on society?
A: Collapse of feudalismālabor shortage gave peasants bargaining power; culture became obsessed with death
4) Medieval Preoccupations Bodiā¦
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