exam 4

Cognitive risk factors for eating disorders Overvaluation of weight/shape; perfectionism; low self-esteem; distorted body image; rigid thinking; fear of weight gain
Individual explanations for eating disorders Personality traits (perfectionism, neuroticism), low self-esteem, cognitive distortions, poor coping skills
Biological explanations for eating disorders Genetic vulnerability, neurotransmitter issues (serotonin/dopamine), hormonal irregularities
Family environment explanations for eating disorders High parental expectations, enmeshment, criticism about weight/appearance, control-focused families
Sociocultural explanations for eating disorders Thin-ideal media, social media comparison, cultural pressure on appearance, diet culture
Why eating disorders are difficult to treat Denial, fear of weight gain, resistance to change, relapse risk, comorbid disorders
Treatment for anorexia Family-based therapy, medical stabilization, CBT
Treatment for bulimia CBT, interpersonal therapy, SSRIs (fluoxetine)
Treatment for binge eating disorder CBT, interpersonal therapy, behavioral weight management, sometimes SSRIs
Prevalence of schizophrenia About 1% of the population
Gender differences in schizophrenia Men: earlier onset; women: later onset; similar overall prevalence
Delusions False beliefs held despite contradictory evidence
Loose associations Disorganized thinking with disconnected ideas
Neologisms Made-up words used in speech
Perseveration Repetition of ideas or behaviors
Clang Rhyming speech instead of meaningful content
Hallucinations Sensory experiences without external stimulus
Most common hallucination type Auditory hallucinations (hearing voices)
Brain area active in auditory hallucinations Temporal lobe / auditory cortex
Alogia Reduced speech output
Blunted/flat affect Reduced emotional expression
Loss of volition Lack of motivation
Anhedonia Inability to feel pleasure
Social withdrawal Withdrawal from social interaction
Stupor Catatonia with no movement or response
Rigidity Catatonia with stiff posture
Posturing Catatonia with unusual fixed positions
Excitement Catatonia with agitation and excessive movement
Prodromal phase of schizophrenia Early symptoms like social withdrawal and mild dysfunction
Active phase of schizophrenia Full psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations)
Residual phase of schizophrenia Reduced symptoms but ongoing impairment
Risk with identical twin schizophrenia About 48–50%
Risk with fraternal twin schizophrenia About 17%
Polygenic Influenced by multiple genes
Diathesis-stress model Disorder develops from vulnerability + stress interaction
Diatheses for schizophrenia Genetics, prenatal issues, dopamine dysregulation, brain abnormalities
Expressed emotion Family criticism, hostility, emotional overinvolvement
Effect of expressed emotion Higher relapse risk in schizophrenia
First-generation antipsychotics Dopamine blockers with strong side effects
Second-generation antipsychotics Dopamine + serotonin effects, fewer motor side effects
Medication discontinuation rate About 50–75% stop medications
CBT for schizophrenia Challenging delusions, coping with hallucinations, reality testing
Community care for schizophrenia Case management, housing support, crisis services, day programs
Brief psychotic disorder Psychosis lasting less than 1 month
Schizophreniform disorder Schizophrenia symptoms lasting 1–6 months
Schizoaffective disorder Schizophrenia + mood disorder symptoms
Delusional disorder One or more persistent delusions without full psychosis
Grandiose delusion Belief of extreme importance or power
Persecutory delusion Belief of being targeted or harmed
Erotomanic delusion Belief someone is in love with them
Jealous delusion Belief partner is unfaithful
Somatic delusion Belief body is diseased or abnormal
Prevalence of personality disorders About 10–15%
When personality disorders appear Adolescence or early adulthood
Cluster A personality disorders Odd/eccentric (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal)
Cluster B personality disorders Dramatic/emotional (borderline, antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic)
Cluster C personality disorders Anxious/fearful (avoidant, dependent, OCPD)
Best treated cluster Cluster C personality disorders
Schizotypal personality disorder Odd beliefs, magical thinking, social anxiety
Schizoid personality disorder Detached, little desire for relationships
Paranoid personality disorder Distrust and suspicion of others
Borderline personality disorder Emotional instability, fear of abandonment, impulsivity
Antisocial personality disorder Disregard for rules and others, deceitful, impulsive
Histrionic personality disorder Attention-seeking, dramatic behavior
Narcissistic personality disorder Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Perfectionism, control, rigidity
Avoidant personality disorder Fear of rejection, social inhibition
Dependent personality disorder Excessive need to be cared for, difficulty decision-making
Gender trends in personality disorders Borderline more common in women; antisocial more in men
Treatments for Cluster C personality disorders CBT, anxiety management, social skills training
Causes of borderline personality disorder Trauma, emotional invalidation, biological sensitivity
Best treatment for borderline personality disorder Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Antisocial vs psychopathy ASPD is clinical diagnosis; psychopathy is trait-based (lack of empathy, manipulation)
Gerald Patterson theory of conduct problems Coercive family interactions reinforce antisocial behavior
Treatments for antisocial personality disorder Mostly limited; CBT, behavioral interventions, early prevention
Risk of antisocial personality disorder About 3% of the population