Exam 2 Study Guide

Brain Mapping tools

Homozygous vs Heterozygous

Dominant vs Recessive

Sex-limited genes

Sex-linked genes

Epigenetics

Cerebrospinal fluid (function/where it is produced)

Development of neurons (proliferation, migration, diffrentiation, myelination, synaptogenesis)

Neural Darwinism

-nerve growth factors

-neurotropins

Pathfinding of Axons

Apoptosis

Fetal Alochol Syndrome (causes, symptoms, neuronal components)

Fine tuning by experience (recognize that axons and dendrites modify connections/ structures based on experiences)

Brain Plasticity

Strokes: Ischemia vs hemorrhage

-causes, effects, treatment (tPA)

Recovery from Brain Damage:

-diaschisis

-regeneration of axons

-axon sprouting

Denervation Supersensitivity

-phantom limb

Law of specific nerve energies

Visual path within eye

-pupil, lens, cornea, retina, bipolar cells amacrine cells, optic nerve, fovea, ganglion cells

Difference between Foveal and Peripheral Vision

Rods vs Cones

Different Theories of Vision :

Trichromatic Theory

Opponent-Process Theory

Retinex Theory

Lateral Inhibition

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

Types of ganglion cells

-parvocellular neurons

-magnocellular neurons

-koniocellular neurons

Primary Visual Cortex (VI) vs Secondary (VII)

-simple cells

-complex cells

-end-stopped cells

Feature detectors

Critical periods

Parallel Processing

Ventral vs Dorsal Paths

-ventral stream damage

-dorsal stream damage

Analysis of Shape

-role of inferior temporal cortex

-Visual Agnosia

-fusiform gyrus: its role in facial recognition!

-Prosopagnosia

Motion Perception

-MT/V5

-MST

-motion blindness

-saccades

Agonist vs antagonist

Drug affinity vs drug efficacy

Addiction/Alcohol Abuse

-environmental/behavioral/genetic components (know at least one component for each)

-tolerance, withdrawal, craving

-nucleus accumbens and the role of dopamine in addiction

-treatments: CBT, Antabuse, Narcan, methadone

Mood Disorders:

Major Depressive Disorder

-Causes: genetic, environmental, brain abnormality

-Treatments: (know how they work and at least one example for each)

1. Tricyclics

2. SSRIs/SNRIs

3. MAOIs

4. Atypical Antidepressants

5. Alternatives to drugs: ECT, CBT

Seasonal Affective Disorder

-Causes/definition

Bipolar Disorder

-mania vs depression

-

-Treatments: lithium

Schizophrenia

-Symptoms:

-positive (delusions, hallucinations

-negative

-tardive dyskinesia

Causes: (no one cause!)

-genetic component (DISC1)

-neonatal environment (season of birth effect, viral infections)

-brain abnormalities

-dopamine hypothesis

-2 major dopamine pathways in brain

-glutamate hypothesis

-

Treatments: (how they function and at least one example)

Antipsychotics/Neuroleptics