science test

### 1. Characteristics of Living Things

- MR HERO G:

- Metabolism: Requires energy

- Reproduction: Can produce offspring

- Homeostasis: Maintains stable balance

- Evolution: Changes over time

- Response to Stimuli: Reacts to environment

- Organization: Systems work together

- Growth and Development: Can grow and repair

### 2. Cell Theory

- 3 Main Points:

1. All living things have cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of life.

3. All cells come from existing cells.

### 3. Levels of Structural Organization

- Cell: Basic unit, e.g., muscle cells

- Tissues: Group of cells, e.g., muscle tissue

- Epithelial: Protects organs, e.g., skin

- Nervous: Communication, e.g., neurons

- Muscle: Movement, e.g., biceps

- Connective: Support, e.g., bones

- Organ: Collection of tissues, e.g., heart

- Organ System: Organs working together, e.g., circulatory system

- Organism: Complete being, e.g., horse

### 4. Types of Cells

- Prokaryotes:

- No nucleus, simple, single-celled

- Ex. bacteria

- Eukaryotes:

- Nucleus, complex, single or multicellular

- Ex. plants, animals

### 5. Organelles and Functions

- Nucleus: Control center, holds DNA

- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like, holds organelles

- Golgi Body: Packs proteins for transport

- Ribosome: Makes proteins

- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Moves proteins/fats

- Cilia/Flagella: Movement

- Cell Wall: Support (plants only)

- Cell Membrane: Controls in/out flow

- Vacuole: Stores water, large in plants

- Mitochondria: Energy powerhouse

- Chloroplast: Makes food using sunlight (plants only)

- Lysosome: Breaks down waste

### 6. Microscope Parts

- Eyepiece (Ocular Lens): Where you look

- Body Tube: Connects lenses

- Revolving Nosepiece: Switch lenses

- Objective Lenses: Magnify specimen

- Stage: Holds slide

- Stage Clips: Holds slide in place

- Diaphragm: Controls light

- Arm: Supports structure

- Coarse/Fine Knobs: Focus image

- Base: Supports microscope

- Light Source: Illuminates slide

### 7. Permeability Types

- Permeable: All can pass

- Selectively Permeable: Some pass

- Impermeable: None pass

### 8. Types of Cell Transport

- Passive Transport: No energy

- Diffusion: High to low concentration

- Facilitated Diffusion: Protein channels

- Osmosis: Water movement

- Active Transport: Uses energy (ATP)

- Protein Pump: Forces across gradient

- Exocytosis/Endocytosis: Bulk movement

- Phagocytosis/Pinocytosis: "Eating"/"Drinking"

- Vesicles: Packages from Golgi

### 9. Organ Systems and Functions

- Circulatory System: Transports blood, oxygen

- Organs: Heart, veins, arteries

- Respiratory System: Gas exchange

- Organs: Lungs, trachea

- Digestive System: Breaks down food

- Organs: Stomach, intestines

- Muscular System: Allows movement

- Muscles: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

- Skeletal System: Support frame

- Parts: Bones, ligaments