bio packet

Unit 13 Packet – Plant Structures & Processes

13.1: Water Transport in Vascular Plants

1. What are two major functions of roots?
Anchor plant to ground
Absorb water/nutrients from soil

2. What is the difference between the roots and the stem of a plant?
Roots (above) – Stems: transport water to rest of plant

3. What are the only plants with rhizoids (not rhizomes!)?
Bryophytes (nonvascular)

4. Compare and contrast rhizomes, roots, and rhizoids.
Rhizomes = Underground stems
Roots = Underground structure that anchors plant to ground, collects water – only in vascular plants
Rhizoids = Root-like structures found in non-vascular plants – collect water

5. Which part of the plant is specialized for capturing sunlight for photosynthesis?
Leaves

6. What are two differences between xylem and phloem? Are xylem and phloem found in bryophytes?
xylem transport water, phloem transports sugar
xylem flow in 1 direction, phloem flow in 2 directions

7. Xylem and phloem are typically packaged together in ______.
Vascular bundles

8. Diffusion is:
Random movement of particles from high to low concentration

9. Define cohesion and adhesion.
Cohesion: Waters ability to “stick” to itself
Adhesion: Waters ability to “stick” to other surfaces

10. In order to perform photosynthesis, CO₂ must ________ a leaf through structures called _______, which are composed of two ______ ______. 
Enter, stomata, guard cells

11. A plant that keeps its stomata open for long periods of the time may become more dehydrated than plants that close their stomata often. What explains this phenomenon?
Open stomata = more transpiration ; closed stomata = less transpiration



12. Negative pressure created from _________ of water applies a suction like force in xylem. In response, water uses _______ and _______ to “pull” itself up the xylem.
transpiration pull, cohesion, adhesion


13.2 Carbon Cycles, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration

13. Which organelle is specialized for performing the process of photosynthesis?
Chloroplast

14. Pigment that captures sunlight for photosynthesis and also makes plants appear green.
Chlorophyll

15. What is the full chemical formula or photosynthesis?
          6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light à   C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

16. Would there be oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere or glucose to eat without photosynthesis? What are two special names we give to organisms who can perform photosynthesis?
No – producers, autotrophs

17. What kind of organisms perform cellular respiration?
All euks

18. What specialized organelle performs cellular respiration?
Mitochondria

19. What molecule is the primary product of cellular respiration?
ATP

20. What gas is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration?
CO₂

21. Create an energy flow chart using arrows and these terms: ATP, Sunlight, Cellular Respiration, Glucose, Photosynthesis
Sunlight energy is converted to glucose chemical energy via photosynthesis. Glucose energy is transferred to ATP energy in cellular respiration

22. Briefly explain the carbon cycle in terms of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration take in carbon-based glucose molecules – produces gaseous CO2 molecules
Photosynthesis takes in gaseous CO2 molecules and produces solid carbon based glucose


23. True or false: all carbon in glucose once existed as carbon in CO₂.
True


24. What are two ways ATP can be used in a cell?
Movement of muscles. Powering enzymes.

25. Rank in terms of their energy storage capacity from lowest to highest: ATP, glucose, ADP
ADP, ATP, Glucose

13.3 Plant Reproductive Processes

26. Where will you always be able to find the sepal of a flower?
Beneath the flower petals

27. In angiosperms, _______ contain the gametophyte generation of the plant.
Flowers

28. The male part of the flower is called the _______. It is composed of the ______, which supports the ______, which produces ______.
Stamen, filament, anther, pollen

29. Pollen is a ______ gamete that can travel by wind.
Male

30. Two names for the female part of the flower:
Pistil, Carpel

31. Where can you find the stigma? Where can you find the ovary?
At the top of the carpel. At the bottom of the carpel

32. _____ are female gametes that, when fertilized, become seeds.
Ovules

33. The difference between pollination and fertilization:
Pollination: Pollen lands on stigma
Fertilization: Pollen fuses to ovules

34. After fertilization, the ovary develops in to a ______.
Fruit

35. What is the process called when a seed embryo begins developing?
Germination

36. 3 types of seed dispersion
Hitchhiker seeds, airborne seeds, edible seeds

37. 3 types of asexual reproduction in plants
Plantlets, Runners, Tubers