Purdue Science Olympiad Anatomy and Physiology Exam Notes

Bone-related Questions:
- Phosphate Storage: 65% of phosphate is stored in the skeleton.
- Vertebrae Weight-Bearing: Lumbar vertebrae bear the majority of body weight.
- Transport Mechanisms: Calcium and phosphate are transported to blood via bone, renal, or GI cells.
- Septic Arthritis Causes: Most common causes include Staphylococcus aureus.
- Peak Bone Mass: Typically reached at age 25.
- Condition from Excessive Exercise: Osteoporosis can result from excessive physical activity.
Hormonal Changes & Growth:
- Leptin: A satiety hormone.
- Joint Motion: Saddle joints allow biaxial motion.
- Appositional Growth: Refers to an increase in diameter of bones.

Definitions & Processes:
- Skeletal System: Framework for the body composed of bones.
- Ossification Methods: Two methods are intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
- Sprained Ligament Symptoms: Pain, swelling, reduced range of motion, etc.
- Cartilage Formation: Known as chondrogenesis.
Vertebral Order & Functions:
- Order from largest to smallest vertebrae: Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervical.
- Locations of menisci: Knee joint and temporomandibular joint.
- Systems Involving Bone Marrow: Hematopoietic system with types: red and yellow bone marrow.

Gland Classification:
- Apocrine Sweat Glands: Sudoriferous, use exocytosis, and produce fatty-acid/protein-rich secretion.
Skin Pigmentation: Melanocytes transfer melanosomes containing eumelanin and pheomelanin.
Vitamin D Production: Occurs in the epidermis, requires UVB radiation and 7-dehydrocholesterol, producing D3 (cholecalciferol).
Hair Cycle Stages: Telogen phase involves rest and hair shedding.

Mohs Surgery: Minimizes recurrence rates for skin cancer by excising cancerous tissue layer by layer until healthy tissue is reached.

Functions of Shivering: Produces heat through rapid muscle contractions.
Muscle Interaction with the Skeletal System: Provides framework for movement and maintaining posture.
Motor Unit Definition: A motor unit includes a single nerve cell and all muscle fibers it innervates.

Calcium's Role: Binds to troponin to start muscle contraction via cross-bridge cycling.
Injury Classification: A “pop” sound and immediate pain suggest a Grade 3 strain.
Sarcopenia Mitigation: Regular exercise can mitigate sarcopenia in older adults.

Understand the relationship between muscle contraction and skeletal support, including muscle anatomy, types, and functions.
Reinforce knowledge of muscle physiology and the associated terms relating to muscle structure and function.

Several questions will require identifying parts of diagrams related to skeletal organization, integumentary elements, and muscle types.