World History I Final Exam Study Guide

Exam Overview and Requirements

• Total Possible Points: $200$ points.
• Weight: This exam is worth $10\%$ of the final cumulative grade for the class.
• Preparation Materials: Students should review ABC-CLIO articles, class notes, previous Quizlets/IDs, quizzes, tests, and homework assignments.
• Restrictions: No notecards are allowed specifically for this exam.
• Exam Content Scope: This exam covers all material from the beginning of Quarter $3$ (The Renaissance) through the last unit of study in June (Causes of World War I).

Exam Format

• Section I: Map of Western Europe: Focusing on Western Europe during the Middle Ages (completed in class). Value: $20$ points.
• Section II: Multiple Choice: $25$ questions, worth $2$ points each. Value: $50$ points.
• Section III: Fill-In (H): $25$ questions, worth $2$ points each. Value: $50$ points.
• Section IV: Identifications (IDs): Students must select $8$ terms to identify out of $16$ listed topics. Each identification is worth $5$ points. Value: $40$ points.
• Section V: Extended Writing: A content-filled multi-paragraph essay. Value: $40$ points.

The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution

• Florence: The cultural center and birthplace of the Italian Renaissance.
• Medici Family and Patronage: The wealthy banking family of Florence who funded the arts, transforming the city through patronage.
• Humanism: An intellectual movement focusing on human potential, achievements, and the study of classical Greek and Roman texts.
• Key Renaissance Artists:
  • Michelangelo: Known for the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David.
  • Leonardo da Vinci: The "Renaissance Man," creator of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
  • Raphael: Famous for his use of perspective and the School of Athens.
• Perspective: The artistic technique used to create three-dimensional depth on a flat surface.
• Machiavelli: Author of The Prince, which explores political power and the idea that the ends justify the means.
• The Printing Press and Johannes Gutenberg: The invention of movable type that allowed for the mass production of books, increasing literacy and spreading ideas like the Reformation.

The Scientific Revolution

• Copernicus: Developed the heliocentric theory (the sun is the center of the universe).
• Kepler: Discovered the laws of planetary motion, showing orbits are elliptical.
• Galileo: Used the telescope to prove the heliocentric theory; faced trial by the Inquisition.
• Newton: Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
• Bacon and Descartes: Founders of the modern scientific method; Bacon emphasized empiricism, while Descartes emphasized human reasoning ("I think, therefore I am").

The Reformation and Counter-Reformation

• Martin Luther: German monk who triggered the Protestant Reformation.
• 95 Theses: Luther's list of arguments against the Catholic Church, specifically targeting the sale of indulgences.
• Indulgences and Tetzel: The practice of selling "forgiveness" for sins; Johann Tetzel was a primary seller of these.
• Peace of Augsburg: An agreement in $1555$ allowing German princes to choose whether their lands would be Catholic or Lutheran.
• HRE Charles V: The Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Luther at the Diet of Worms.
• Diet at Worms: The meeting where Luther was ordered to recant his beliefs; he refused.
• John Calvin and Predestination: The Protestant reformer who taught that God has already determined who will be saved.

The English Reformation

• King Henry VIII: Separated England from the Roman Catholic Church to obtain an annulment from Catherine of Aragon.
• Act of Supremacy: The law that declared the King the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church).
• "Bloody" Mary: Henry's daughter who attempted to return England to Catholicism by executing Protestants.
• Elizabeth I: Re-established Protestantism and the Anglican Church, creating a religious compromise.

The Counter-Reformation

• Council of Trent: The Catholic Church's meeting to reform itself and reaffirm its doctrines against Protestantism.
• Jesuit Order: Founded by Ignatius of Loyola to spread Catholicism and stop the spread of Protestantism through education.
• Inquisition: A Church court designed to find and punish heretics.

The Age of Exploration

• Reconquista: The long effort by Spanish Christians to drive Muslims out of Spain, completed under Ferdinand and Isabella.
• Henry the Navigator: Portuguese prince who founded a school for navigation and sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa.
• Navigational Tools:
  • Cartography: The science of mapmaking.
  • Astrolabe: A tool used to determine latitude using the stars.
• Explorers:
  • Da Gama and Dias: Portuguese explorers who found a sea route to India around the tip of Africa.
  • Columbus: Sailed for Spain, seeking a westward route to Asia but reaching the Caribbean in $1492$.
  • Magellan: His crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
• Conquest of the Americas:
  • Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma: Cortes led the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
  • Pizarro: Conquered the Inca Empire.
• Treaty of Tordesillas and Line of Demarcation: An agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide the newly discovered lands in the Americas.
• Columbian Exchange: The global transfer of foods, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

Absolutism and the Enlightenment

• Absolutism: A system where a monarch holds total power.
• Phillip II of Spain: Known as the "Most Catholic King"; he deployed the Spanish Armada against Elizabeth I.
• Louis XIV of France: The "Sun King" who built the Palace of Versailles to control the nobility and symbolize his absolute power.
• Divine Right: The belief that a monarch’s authority comes directly from God.

The Enlightenment

• Philosophes: The French thinkers of the Enlightenment.
• John Locke: Believed in natural rights (Life, Liberty, Property) and the right to overthrow an unjust government.
• Montesquieu: Advocated for the separation of powers into three branches of government.
• Voltaire: Championed freedom of speech and religious tolerance.
• Diderot: Compiled the first Encyclopedia to spread Enlightenment ideas.
• Thomas Hobbes: Believed humans were naturally selfish and needed an absolute monarch (The Leviathan) to maintain order.
• Adam Smith and Capitalism: Author of The Wealth of Nations; advocated for Laissez-Faire (no government interference in the economy).
• Social Contract: An agreement by which people give up some freedoms for an organized society.

The French Revolution and Napoleon

• Ancien Regime: The old order of French society divided into three estates.
• Causes: Debt, bread shortages, inequality among the Estates General, and Enlightenment ideas.
• National Assembly: Formed by the Third Estate after they were locked out; they took the Tennis Court Oath, vowing to write a constitution.
• Bastille: The medieval fortress/prison stormed on July $14$, $1789$, marking the start of the Revolution.
• Declaration of the Rights of Man: A document outlining the natural rights of French citizens.
• King Louis XVI: The monarch executed by the guillotine during the revolution.
• Robespierre and the Reign of Terror: The radical phase of the revolution where thousands were executed as enemies of the state.
• Jacobins: The radical political faction that pushed for the King's execution.
• Sans-Culotte: Radical working-class revolutionaries.
• Napoleon Bonaparte: A military leader who rose to power through a plebiscite and declared himself Emperor.
  • Napoleonic Code: A uniform system of laws developed by Napoleon.
  • Continental System: An economic blockade of Britain that failed.
  • Waterloo: The site of Napoleon's final defeat.

The Industrial Revolution

• Causes: Agricultural Revolution, enclosure movement (privatizing common lands), and access to capital and natural resources in Britain.
• Inventions:
  • James Watt: Improved the steam engine.
  • George Stephenson: Developed the steam locomotive.
• Production Methods:
  • Cottage Industry: Production of goods in family homes before the factory system.
  • Textiles: The first industry to be mechanized.
• Social Impacts:
  • Urbanization: Massive movement of people from rural areas to cities.
  • Tenement Houses: Crowded, unsanitary apartment buildings for workers.
  • Child Labor and Factory Acts: Early laws passed to limit the working hours of children and women.
• Economic Theories:
  • Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie: The working class vs. the wealthy middle class.
  • Socialism: The belief that society or the government should own and operate means of production.
  • Communism and Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto predicted a class struggle leading to a classless society.

Nationalism and Unification

• Congress of Vienna: A meeting to restore the balance of power and legitimacy in Europe after Napoleon's defeat.
• Metternich: The conservative leader of the Congress of Vienna.
• Italian Unification:
  • Mazzini: The "heart" (Young Italy).
  • Garibaldi and the Redshirts: The "sword" who conquered the south.
  • Cavour: The "brain" who used diplomacy to unite the north.
• German Unification:
  • Otto von Bismarck: The architect of German unity through "Blood and Iron" and Realpolitik (tough, practical politics).
  • Kaiser: The title for the Emperor of the new German Empire after the Franco-Prussian War.

Decline of Empires

• Russia: Charactersized by serfdom, pogroms (persecution of Jews), and the failure of reforms under Alexander II and Alexander III. Events include Bloody Sunday and the October Manifesto.
• Austria-Hungary: Establishment of the Dual Monarchy via the Ausgleich (Compromise of $1867$).
• Ottoman Empire: Referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe" due to its internal decay.

Imperialism and World War I

• Causes of Imperialism: Economic needs, Social Darwinism (belief in racial superiority), and the "White Man's Burden" (duty to civilize others).
• Scramble for Africa: The race by European powers to colonize Africa.
• Berlin Conference: Meeting where Europeans divided Africa without African input.
• King Leopold II: Known for the brutal exploitation of the Congo.
• Sepoy Mutiny: A rebellion in India against British rule.

World War I

• M.A.I.N. Causes: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
• Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia.
• The Spark: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip in the "Balkan Powder Keg."

Essay Themes and Big Ideas

1. The Renaissance as the Modern Era: Students must explain why the Renaissance is considered the start of the modern world, detailing changes in art (realism/perspective), politics (secularism), and education (humanism).

2. Expansion and Failure of Empires: Analyze successful and unsuccessful imperial spreads throughout the semester. Evaluate the pros and cons of empire-building.

3. Political Ideologies: Trace the transition from absolute monarchy and divine right to the rise of Enlightenment-inspired ideologies: liberalism, socialism, conservatism, and nationalism.

4. Challenging the Status Quo: Discuss how the Reformation (challenging the Church), the Scientific Revolution (challenging traditional knowledge), and the Age of Exploration (expanding geographic horizons) transformed Europe into the modern era.