exam 4

  1. Phenotype

  2. Genotype

  3. Gene

  4. Allele

  5. Homozygous

  6. Heterozygous

  7. True-breeding

  8. Dominant allele

  9. Recessive allele

  10. Punnett square

  11. Dihybrid cross

  12. Monohybrid cross

  13. Incomplete dominance

  14. Polygenic inheritance

  15. Double helix

  16. Antiparallel strands

  17. Hydrogen bond

  18. Chargaff's Rule

  19. Semi-conservative replication

  20. Helicase

  21. DNA polymerase

  22. Leading strand

  23. Lagging strand

  24. Okazaki fragments

  25. Ligase

  26. Nucleotide excision repair

  27. Thymine dimer

  28. Central Dogma

  29. Transcription

  30. Translation

  31. RNA polymerase

  32. mRNA

  33. IRNA

  34. tRNA

  35. Promoter

  36. Exon

  37. Intron

  38. Splicing

  39. Start codon (AUG)

  40. Universality (of genetic code)

  41. Ribosome

  42. A-site

  43. P-site

  44. E-site

  45. Anticodon

  46. Acceptor stem

  47. Stop codon

  48. Mutation

  49. Substitution mutation

  50. Insertion mutation

  51. Deletion mutation

  52. Inversion mutation

  53. Denaturation (protein)

  54. Detergent (in DNA extraction)

  55. Genotypic ratio

  56. Phenotypic ratio

  57. Why Mendel used peas, not cattle

  58. Mendel's Three Laws: (counted separately)

  59. Law of Dominance

  60. Law of Segregation

  61. Law of Independent Assortment

  62. Interpreting Punnett Squares (incl. dihybrid and monohybrid)

  63. Non-Mendelian inheritance (applying incomplete dominance and polygenic)

  64. DNA structure: Base pairing, Double Helix

  65. DNA Replication process (steps, directionality)

  66. Okazaki fragments & lagging vs. leading

  67. DNA repair basics (nucleotide excision, UV mutations)

  68. Central Dogma (DNA → RNA → Protein)

  69. Transcription (detailed steps: initiation, elongation, termination)

  70. Translation (initiation, elongation, termination)

  71. Post-transcriptional processing (splicing)

  72. Universality of the genetic code and implication for gene transfer

  73. Determining amino acid sequence from mRNA

  74. tRNA function and structure

  75. Mutation types (identifying, effects)

  76. DNA extraction (why detergent, role of polarity)

  77. Sex determination: parental contributions

  78. Protein stability/denaturation by temperature

  79. Application of all above to lab scenarios (yeast mutagenesis, extraction, Punnett, etc.)