America Secedes from the Empire & The Rocky Road to Union (1775-1790)

The War in the North & The Battle of Saratoga

• General Howe's Strategy (1777):

  • Instead of reinforcing General Burgoyne in the Hudson River Valley, General Howe attacked Philadelphia, the rebel capital.

  • His goal was to force a general engagement with Washington's army, destroy it, and clear the path for Burgoyne's thrust.

  • Howe mistakenly assumed he had ample time to assist Burgoyne directly if needed.

• Washington's Challenges:

  • General Washington hastily moved his army to Philadelphia's vicinity.

  • He suffered defeats in two pitched battles later in 1777: at Brandywine Creek and Germantown.

  • General Howe then settled comfortably in Philadelphia, leaving Burgoyne to struggle.

  • Benjamin Franklin quipped that Howe had not captured Philadelphia, but Philadelphia had captured Howe.

• Winter at Valley Forge:

  • Washington's army retired to winter quarters at Valley Forge, a strong, hilly position approximately 20 miles northwest of Philadelphia.

  • His frostbitten and hungry men were severely lacking in almost everything except misery.

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