5.2

new idea cause political/philosophical effects

edmund burke, joseph de maistre, conservative went against enlightenment thinking

called revolution bloody, disruptive, and not give good results

want for constitutional gov and democraticpractices erupted in 19th cent

somecountries responded to progress, reason and natural law, new ways of thought

american revolution

  • roots in euro enlightment philosophy

  • economic ideas of physiocrats playedpart, provided degense of free market, opposed mercantalism

  • colonist more independet politically

  • decisionas made by colonial legislatures, not parliament

  • physical distance

  • new social spirit grew

declaration of independence

  • july 4, 1776, expressed philosophy behind colonist fightagainst british

  • thomas jefferson used “unalienable rights” by john locke, life liberyty pursuit of happiness

  • won in 1782 with help from france, britainsenemy

new zealand wars

  • occupied by polenesian/maori,since 1200s, developed rich culture

  • divided into tribes/iwi, some warfare

  • colonized by british, annexation of new zealand 1840,

  • enlgish control of maori increased, presseure for land also

  • maori tribes joined bc of nationalism but defeated by british in 1872

french revolution

  • 1780s, liberty, equality, fraternity, called radical, popular in writingof philosphes

economic woes

  • french spent more than earned from finacncing wars, aid given to americans

  • meeting called of estate genral, spring 1789

  • 3 parts of society made up the estates general, clergy, nobles, commoners

  • inequality in voting(commoners 97%), broke up and made national assembly

revolution begins

  • moderates(marquis de lafayette), wanted to establish consiturtional monarchy

  • national assembly met in paris, king threatened to arrest leaders

  • crows rioted in paris,

  • july 14, 1789, crows stormed Bastille, former prison, symbolized abuse

  • peasons rose up against nobles in countryside, burned manor houses

  • some officials left france, king accepted national assembly in charge

  • july 14 1789became french independence dats

  • abolition of feudalismn and adoption of declaration of right of man, declared basichuman rights

  • Luios XVI and nobles refused to accept limited monarchy, dissatification among radicals,jacobins, inspired firtst french republic

  • reign of terror, gov executed thousands of opponents to revolutioin, including king and queen, napolen became empereor in 1804

haitian revolution

  • french sugar and coffee colony

  • slaves revolted against white masters, killing and burning houses

  • joined by slaves called maroons

  • touissant loverture inspired by american and french revs, joined revolts in 1791

  • led genral rebellion against slvaet, capable general

  • established indepent gov, played french spanish and british against easchother

haiti

  • 1801, took control of hait, louverture made constitution granting equality and citezenship to all

  • declared himself governeor for life

  • land reform, planttion dicided up, lkand distributed to formerly enslaved and free black people

  • worked with french but they imprisioned him, died in france in 1803

  • cemented abolition in hairi,started road ofindpendence for fgrance

  • succesor, jean jacques dessalines, orchastrated haitian declaration of permanet independench, first countru in latin america to win indepence, first black led cointy in west hemisphere

comparing hait and french revs

  • both grew from enlightment

  • haitians restraint more severe, slave sahd no rights

creole revolution in latin america

  • well educated, aware of rev ideas

  • thought to be superior and mestizos, euro-indian

  • colonist from spain called peninsulares, superior

  • bottom were african slaves, natives, mullatoes(afriacan and euro/native)

  • some distinctio still remain roday

  • many creaoles were wealthy owners, opposed spain mercantilism, made colonist only trade with spain

  • wanted more poli power, resented spain giving better job to penisulares

  • mestizos wanted poli power and wealth from colonies, worked in towns or mines

bolivar revolutions

  • desire from independence from spain grew among creoles

  • refused to support mestizos inidgenousand malattos.

  • simon bolivarb, creaole, pushed for enlightentn ideas in latin america

  • instrumental in idnependence of areas that became venzueale, colombia, ecuador, peru

  • born in venezuale, family were spian aristcrats, wealthy, troops faugt and created place called gran colombia

  • wanted it to be like US, based on enlightment

  • liberal, believed in free market, abolition

  • concerns for latin american in “jamaica letter” 1812,

  • suffered from long wars

  • rise of cardillos- strong local leaders with regional power

  • intervened in national politics to make/break govs

  • disregarded rule of law

reuslats of the creaole revolutions

  • govs consercaice

  • peru forvaded voting by people who couldnt read and writ in spanish, denined most natives, changed in 1860

  • women unable to vote or eneter contracts, little education until late 19th cent,

manuela saenz

  • lover of simon bolivar

  • actively participated in fighting alongside

  • 1822, battle near quito, ecuador,

  • ride/couragues fighter

  • rose to rank of colonel, saved bolivars life, received nickname “liberator of liberator

later challenges to spanish colonialism

  • puerto rico, cuba, final spain holdings, uprisings in 1868

lola rodriguez de tio

  • poet, little educational oppurtunity

  • famous for eloquent critiques of spain explotive rule of puerto rico

  • home bacem meeting place for poli thinkers nad revolutionaries

  • uprising in 1868 made her gor to exile in venezuela

  • allowed to return in 1885

  • worked with cuban independence

  • campiangner for scoial justice

propoganda movement

  • phillipines remained spain colony,

  • educational opportuniyies, limited and controlled by religon

  • creoles/mestizos from rich familt went to europed to attend uni

  • republicanism and nationalism in 1800s euro, filipino student embraced it

joe rizal

  • promient young agitator, contributed oto magazines, pamphletes advocating for conrol in philippines

  • called propoganda movemnt, didnt call for independence

  • rizal arreseted and killed, spurred first movent against spanish rule,

  • phillipined revoltion in 1896

nationalism and unification in euro

italian unification

  • count di cavor, prime mjinester of piedmont sardinia, led drive to unit all of italoan peninsula underone dynasty, house of savor

  • region deivded by kingdoms and city states, regional languagges, not italian

  • natural rights, progress, constitutional monarcht

  • believed in politics of realty realpolitik,

  • advanced unification through manipulation

  • maneuvered napolen of france into a war with austri, hopen to weaken austrian influence in italian peninsula

  • napolen backed out of war after winning two importaint battle, cause he feared the wrath of ht pope, not eager for his papal states to be under control of cntral italin gov

  • to late to stop rev fervor, soon area voted by plebscite, popular referendum, to join piedmont

  • cavour adopted romantic revolutionart philosphy ofgiuseppe mazzini, had been agitating for italian resurgenr risorgimento,

  • allied with red shirts militart forced led by giseppe garibaldi, fighting farther sounth in naples

german unification

  • nationalist movements strengthened in oppoistion of french occupation under napolean

  • revolution in prussia anf russia after congress of vienna, settled napolen wars.

  • revs(1848), caused by nationalism and liberalism

otto von bismarck

  • prussian leader, favored realpolitick, used nationalism to bring german unificarion

  • manipulated austria into participating in 2 wars, prusssia vs denmark, prissia vs austria, seven weeks war of 1866

  • won both, manipulated france into declaring war against prusssia, beat french,

  • founded new german empire, gained territory from wars

global consequences

  • 1871, new powers, germany and italy, internation stage in enviroment of competing alliances

  • balance of power achieved brifly through alliances, nationalism lef to ww1

  • didnt solve all of italisn troubles

  • pverty more in south than north, emigraton to the unitated states and argentina, constituiton of 1852 encouraged immagration

balkan nationalism

  • otto emp donminant forcce in southeast euro for cents

  • slow decline in 17th cent

  • failed attempt ot conquer vienna, singlaed succeful effort of austria and russia to roll back otto dominance in balkans

  • due to increasing involvement and contact with west euro ideas

greece

  • under otto control for 350 years, increased contact with west idea, exposure to enlightennt

  • reawakened greek cultural pirde and stoke fires of greek nationalism

  • civil war against otto forces brought som esucces

  • interention of british, french and russian fleet, destroyed otto fleet in 1827, assured greek independence.

  • serbia, bulgaria, romania, followed similar course

  • more freedom and influx of newideas

  • nationalism

  • people rallied around language, tradition, hisotry and religion

  • russia and austria helpe dgain independence

ottoman nationalism

  • developed in the otto stae of ottomanism,movemnet aimed to create more modern unified state

  • minimized ethnich, linguistic, religous differences

  • madanted state curriculum

  • minorities view ottomanism closelt

  • promoted deisre for independed ironically

future of nationalism

  • shapes how people view themselves and poli allegiances

  • might bestarting to decline

  • states use same currenct, travel freely across borders, public policy

  • city states, and empire, give wat to other form of poli organization