Mendel + Genetics

transposable elements- when DNA “moves” from one spot to another, can allow for genetic diversity

retrotranspusion- eukaryotic… copy and paste themselves into different genomic locations using reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)

insertion sequences- bacterial… use a special recombination system to move within or between genomes

bacterial transposens- bacterial… can be used in DNA technology to introduce foreign DNA into genome

dominant allele- if phenotypically expressed when there, usually uppercase

recessive alllele- is only exposed in absence of dominant allele

pure line- produces offspring with same phenotype when bred (example “pure bred” golden retriever)

test cross- homozygous recessive with dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype

principle of segregation- pairs of alleles separate when gamete is formed

principle of independent assortment- alleles of different traits are inherited independently

chromosomal theory of inheritance- genes and alleles are carried on chromosomes

monohybrid cross- only comparing one trait, 3:1 ratio in F2 generation

dihybrid cross- comparing two traits 9:3:3:1 ratio

linkage- alleles that are close together tend to be inherited together

incomplete dominance- intermediate phenotype (purple plants form red + blue)

codominance- have both phenotypes (blue petals with red dots)

multiple allelism- more than 2 alleles can exist (blood type has Ia, Ib, i alleles)

epitstasis- one gene masks effects of another when “expressed”

polygenic inheritance- many genes affecting one trait

pleritropy- one gene affecting many traits