Terms

Astrocytes - glia responsible for homeostasis of CNS

Microglia - glia brain immune cells

Oligodendrocytes - glia that build myelin sheath in CNS

Schwinn cells - glia that build special myelin sheath in PNS

Radial glia - glia that guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development

Temporal summation - cumulative effect of stimuli

Depolarization (excitatory)

hyperpolarization (inhibitory)

EPSP - Na+ ions enter postsynaptic neuron - depolarizing

IPSP - K+ ions leave the postsynaptic neuron - hyperpolarizing

Presynaptic neuron - the neuron that sends the signal

Postsynaptic neuron - the neuron that receives the signal

Parts of the Nervous system - central nervous system + peripheral nervous system

Parts of the Central nervous system -

Parts of the Peripheral nervous system - Somatic nervous system + Autonomic nervous system

Parts of the Autonomic nervous system - Sympathetic nervous system + Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system - vigorous activity

Parasympathetic nervous system - rest/vegetative

Enteric nervous system - special; only in digestive organs

Dorsal - top view (away from stomach)

Ventral - bottom view (toward stomach)

Anterior - front (rostral for animals)

Posterior - back (caudal for animals)

Superior - above another part

Inferior - below another part

Lateral - toward the side and away from the side

Medial - toward the midline

Proximal - located close to the point of origin

Distal - located more distant to the point of origin

Ipsilateral - on the same side of the body

Contralateral - on the opposite side of each other

Coronal plane - plane as seen from the front

Sagittal plane - plane as seen from the side

Horizontal plane - plane as seen from above

Brainstem - connects brain to spinal cord medulla/pons/cerebellum

Medulla - controls reflexes such as heart rate, breathing, vomiting, salivation | anterior (rostral) to spinal

Pons - coordinates eye and face movements, hearing and balance | boths sides and rostral to medulla

Cerebellum - motor movement, balance, and coordination | attached to hindbrain

Midbrain - processing visual and auditory information | tectum, superior & inferior colliculus, and tegmentum

Tectum - roof of midbrain

Tegmentum - anterior portion of midbrain

Substantia nigra - inside midbrain | readiness for movement

Olfactory - smell

Optic - vision

Oculomotor - eye movement; pupil constriction

Trochlear - eye movement

Abducens - eye movement

Trigeminal - skin sensations from face, jaw for chewing and swallowing

Facial - taste, throat, salivation, swallowing

Glossopharyngeal - taste, throat, crying

Statoacoustic - hearing, equilibrium

Vagus - neck, throat, esophagus, larynx

Accessory - control of neck and shoulders

Hypoglossal - tongue muscles

Forebrain - anterior and prominent part of mammalian brain

Limbic system - mediating emotional responses and mood

Thalamus - main source of input to the cortex (most sensory is processed here before the cortex)

Hypothalamus - conveys messages to the pituitary gland | underneath thalamus

Basal ganglia - control of voluntary movement, attention, language planning | one exception to ganglia in CNS

Hippocampus - storing long-term memory, processing learning/memorizing new events | between thalamus and cerebral cortex

Fornix - connects hippocampus, hypothalamus, and other limbic structures

Ventricles - intra-brain spaces connected between brain and spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid - cushioning for brain | reservoir of hormones and nutrition for brain

Meninges - membranes surround brain and spinal cord (can feel these)

Headaches - swollen blood vessels in meninges

Cerebral cortex lobes - temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal

Occipital - visual input | posterior end of cortex

Parietal - touch sensations (pain) | between occipital and central sulcus

Temporal - auditory, complex vision (moving), some emotional | lateral portions near temples

Frontal - working memory, contains prefrontal cortex

Precentral gyrus - control of fine motor movements | aka somato-motor cortex

Prefrontal cortex - integration center for all sensory info | cognitive processing: abstract thinking, decision making, thoughts