24. Logic/Reasoning/Epistemology
| Logic and Epistemology |
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| What is philosophy?- “Love of wisdom”- The study of things, humans & divine- The study about all the “big questions” in life- Thinking/asking big questions Why study philosophy?- Learn how to observe/analyze the world and everything in it from different perspectives - The ideas of philosophers allow us to view and think about the world/reality in ways we haven’t thought of - Allows us to observe our own views and compare with other onesAllows the enrichment of one's thoughts and ideas and expanding them further on Main Fields of Philosophy- Ethics, Metaphysics, Epistemology & AestheticsTypes of questions asked- “What is the world like?”- “Can I ever be certain about anything?”- “What kind of being am I? Do I have a soul?”** \n - “Is there a God? If so, what are they like?” |
| Parts of an argument:- proposition: a sentence with a truth value. (no questions, comments etc.) - premise: proposition that acts as a reason for the conclusion. (reasons/evidences/points) - conclusion: proposition supported by the premises. (therefore, etc.) What is an argument?- Definition: Set of propositions where one (conclusion) is supported/derived by the others (premises)** Proposition + Premise = Conclusion |
| What is a fallacy?- Definition: An argument with poor reasoning whether or not its conclusion is true. |
| Types of arguments- Deductive: Premises make conclusion certain (straight forward)Starting: PremiseTop-down (General to specific)Possible Problems: weak/invalid premises - Inductive: Premises make conclusion likely/probable (more thinking)Starting: ConclusionDown-top (Specific to general) Possible Problems: weak/invalid conclusion Theories of knowledgeRationalism v. Empiricism- Rationalism (Plato): We are born with innate knowledge and gain through experiences Mind > Senses - Empiricism (Aristotle): We learn/gain knowledge through sensory Senses > Mind |
| What is an allegory?- A story/poem or picture with a hidden meaning typically moral/political one Example: Allegory of The Cave (Plato): Plato presents that humans are easily fooled into believing what they see and are told is the absolute truth.For example: the shadows they saw on the walls of the caves were what they thought was reality when actually it was just the objects shadows caused due to the light of fire |
| Logic- Definition: Act of reasoning and creating valid argumentsWhy is it necessary to know?- Comparing thinking during different times in history- Tracing the development of philosophical thoughts overtime- To make logical choices daily in our lives |
| Pragmatism- We use knowledge & formulate our beliefs depending on what is useful to us Meaning of things is in their practical relation to people |