Nutrition

Macronutrients: Needed in Large quantities (carbohydrates…)

Micronutrients: needed in small quantities (vitamins, minerals)

Essential nutrients: nutrients we need that cannot be made

Polysaccharides are broken down to monosaccharides (glucose) that go through cellular respiration

Lipids

  • Saturated fats: no double bonds, solid, bad
  • Unsaturated: double bonds, liquid, healthy
  • Cholesterol: animal origin
  • Fats contain about twice the amount of energy per gram as carbs and proteins
  • Glycerol becomes glucose
  • Fatty acids are used in citric acid cycle or stored
  • LDL: low density lipoproteins, bad
  • HDL: high density lipoproteins, good
  • Fat soluble vitamins: ADEK

Proteins

  • Broken down into amino acids through deamination. The deaminated part is used in the citric acid cycle
  • Essential amino acids: 8 amino acids that cannot be synthesized
  • Marasmus: break down of muscle as a result of low protein intake

Obesity

  • 1/3 of adults in the US are obese
  • Increases risk for type 2 diabetes, digestive disorders, heart disease, kidney failure, hypertension, stroke, and certain cancers
  • Treatments
    • Diet and exercise
    • Drug therapy
    • Surgery: 3 types

Appetite Control

  • Insulin
  • Leptin
  • Neuropeptide Y
  • Grehlin

Vitamins

  • Essential nutrients
  • Help enzymatic reactions
  • Fat soluble vitamins: ADEK
  • Water soluble vitamins: B and C

Minerals

  • Calcium and phosphorus in bones and teeth
  • Iron in hemoglobin
  • Ions in the blood (Na, K, Cl)
  • Mineral toxicity: too much mineral
  • 75% of minerals in the body are Ca and P

Trace Elements

  • Microminerals
  • Iron, manganese, copper, iodine, cobalt, zinc, fluorine, selenium, chromium
  • Iron deficiency is more common in women