aphg 7 day outline
Unit 1: Thinking Geographically
1. Types of Maps (Topic 1.1)
Reference Maps: Provide general information about areas, including political boundaries and physical features.
Thematic Maps: Focus on specific themes or data, categorized into:
Cartograms: Distorted land areas based on value representation (e.g., population).
Choropleth Maps: Colors/shades indicate data values (e.g., election results).
Dot Maps: Dots represent values, with higher concentrations indicating greater significance.
Graduated Symbol Maps: The size of symbols indicates value (e.g., income levels).
Isoline Maps: Lines connecting areas with shared values (e.g., temperature gradients).
2. Spatial Patterns (Topic 1.1)
Absolute Distance: The exact measurable distance between locations.
Absolute Direction: Fixed cardinal directions (North, South, East, West).
Relative Distance: Approximate distance based on reference points.
Relative Direction: Informal descriptive terms (e.g., left, right).
Clustering: The grouping of similar items or people (e.g., urban areas).
Dispersal: The spreading of items or people (e.g., rural settings).
Elevation: The height above sea level, important for climate, ecosystems, and land use.
3. Map Projections (Topic 1.1)
All maps distort shape, area, distance, and direction (SADD).
Robinson Projection: Visually appealing but distorted at poles; widely used in education.
Mercator Projection: Preserves direction; distorts area significantly, especially near poles.
Gall-Peters Projection: Accurate area representation but distorts shape.
Polar Projections: Useful for air navigation, preserving direction accuracy.
4. Geographic Data (Topic 1.2)
Qualitative Data: Observations and interviews.
Quantitative Data: Statistical data from sources like GIS and census.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Analyze and visualize spatial data.
Remote Sensing: Satellite technology collecting earth data.
Spatial Information: Derived from various observations and media reports.
5. The Power of Geographic Data (Topic 1.3)
Influences decisions for individuals, businesses, and governments.
Examples: Using crime data for urban planning.
Data Collection Methods: Census, remote sensing, and community mapping.
6. Spatial Concepts (Topic 1.4)
Components like absolute location, relative location, distance, and time-space compression.
Human geography investigates spatial organization and distributions.
7. Human-Environmental Interaction (Topic 1.5)
Concepts of sustainability and land use have evolved significantly.
Human influences and environmental impacts are interdependent.
8. Scale of Analysis (Topic 1.6)
Different scales (global, regional, national, and local) reveal various patterns and interpretations.
9. Regional Analysis (Topic 1.7)
Definitions of regions include formal (uniform), functional (nodal), and perceptual (vernacular).
Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes
1. Factors Impacting Population Distribution (Topic 2.1)
Influenced by physical (climate, landforms) and human factors (economics, culture).
Basic Distribution Patterns: Uniform, linear, clustered, random.
2. Population Density (Topic 2.1)
Calculated through arithmetic (total population/land area), physiological (population/arable land), and agricultural density (farmers/arable land).
3. Consequences of Population Distribution (Topic 2.2)
Effects on politics, economy, and social services; political influence increases in clustered areas.
4. Population Composition (Topic 2.3)
Population Pyramids: Illustrate age and sex distributions to facilitate analysis.
5. Factors in Population Growth and Decline (Topic 2.4)
Demographics: Fertility, mortality, and migration influence growth.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): RNI = Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - Crude Death Rate (CDR).
Doubling Time (DT): DT = 70/RNI.
6. Demographic Transition Model (DTM) (Topic 2.5)
Illustrates population change over time.
7. Malthusian Theory (Topic 2.6)
Population growth leads to resource strain; discussions of positive and preventive checks.
8. Population Policies (Topic 2.7)
Contrast between pro-natalist (e.g., France) and anti-natalist (e.g., China) policies.
9. Women and Demographic Change (Topic 2.8)
Examines the shift in women's roles due to economic and social development.
10. Aging Populations (Topic 2.9)
Dependency Ratio: The ratio of dependents to the working-age population, influencing societal support structures.
11. Causes of Migration (Topic 2.10)
Push and Pull Factors: Lead to out-migration (push) and encourage in-migration (pull).
12. Forced and Voluntary Migration (Topic 2.11)
Types of forced migration: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs).
13. Effects of Migration (Topic 2.12)
Analyzes political, economic, and cultural influences on both origin and destination countries.
Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes
1. Introduction to Culture (Topic 3.1)
Defines culture as shared practices, technologies, and values.
2. Cultural Landscapes (Topic 3.2)
Examines modified natural environments reflecting cultural beliefs.
3. Cultural Patterns (Topic 3.3)
Regional patterns of language, religion, and ethnicity that shape identities.
4. Types of Diffusion (Topic 3.4)
Expansion Diffusion: Hierarchical, contagious, stimulus; and Relocation Diffusion:
Historical causes: Colonialism and trade influenced cultural diffusion.
5. Contemporary Causes of Diffusion (Topic 3.6)
Media and technology's roles in cultural change and convergence.
6. Patterns of Language (Topic 3.7)
Discusses language families, dialects, and evolution through migration.
7. Patterns of Religion (Topic 3.7)
Distribution and growth of major world religions.
8. Diffusion of Religion (Topic 3.7)
Universalizing vs. ethnic religions and their spread methods.
9. Effects of Diffusion (Topic 3.8)
Cultural interactions lead to acculturation, assimilation, and syncretism.
Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes
1. Introduction to Political Geography (Topic 4.1)
Borders defined by independent states and political entities.
2. Political Processes (Topic 4.2)
Sovereignty, autonomy, and colonialism impact contemporary borders.
3. Political Power and Territoriality (Topic 4.3)
Geographically expressed power dynamics influence governance.
4. Defining Political Boundaries (Topic 4.4)
Types of boundaries: Superimposed, antecedent, geometric, etc.
Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural-Land Use Patterns and Processes
1. Intro to Agriculture: Agriculture and Climate (Topic 5.1)
Climate impacts agricultural practices and land use decisions.
2. Introduction to Agriculture: Intensive Farming (Topic 5.1)
High-yield practices include market gardening and plantation agriculture.
3. Introduction to Agriculture: Extensive Farming (Topic 5.1)
Includes methods like shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism.
4. Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods (Topic 5.2)
Influenced by agricultural practices, with methods including metes and bounds, township and range.
Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes
1. The Origin and Influences of Cities: Site and Situation (Topic 6.1)
Site (geographical location) and situation (context) affect city functions.
2. Cities Around the World: Growth in Land Area (Topic 6.2)
Urbanization processes create new forms and challenges for urban development.
3. Cities Around the World: Growth in Population (Topic 6.2)
Megacities and metacities arise due to high urban growth rates in peripheral countries.
4. Cities and Globalization (Topic 6.3)
Global cities drive globalization through networks and influence.
Unit 7: Industrial & Economic Development Patterns and Processes
1. The Industrial Revolution (Topic 7.1)
Shift from craft to factory-based production due to new technologies.
2. Economic Sectors (Topic 7.2)
Include primary (agriculture), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), quaternary (knowledge services), and quinary (high-level decision making).
3. Economic Patterns of Location (Topic 7.2)
Factors influencing manufacturing site selection include labor, transportation, and market proximity.
4. Measures of Development (Topic 7.3)
Include GDP, GNP, GNI; social measures like life expectancy and literacy rates.
5. Factors in Development: Gender Inequality (Topic 7.3)
Gender Inequality Index measures reproductive health, empowerment, and labor participation.
6. Women in Economic Development (Topic 7.4)
Women's roles evolve with development; microloans facilitate entrepreneurship.
7. Theories of Development (Topic 7.5)
Various theories explain spatial variations in development, including Rostow's stages and Wallerstein's world-systems theory.
8. Trade and the World Economy (Topic 7.6)
Government trade policies significantly impact economic relations and dependencies.
9. Changes: Shifting Sectors (Topic 7.7)
Outsourcing and economic restructuring create new job dynamics.
10. Sustainable Development (Topic 7.8)
Addressing challenges in resource depletion, pollution, and climate change through sustainable strategies.
11. Sustainable Development Goals (Topic 7.8)
UN goals measure progress towards sustainable global development, emphasizing the need for integrated responses to social, economic, and