Final Cheat Sheet Review

Cardiovascular System

• Heart
    - Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
    - Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

Blood Components

• Red Blood Cells (RBC)
    - Also known as erythrocytes.
• White Blood Cells (WBC)
    - Majority type found in WBCs are neutrophils.
• Oxygen (O)
    - Identified as the universal donor blood type.

Endocrine System

• Pituitary Gland
    - Referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.
• Thyroxine
    - Hormone responsible for regulating metabolism.
• Oxytocin
    - Hormone that stimulates contractions during childbirth.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
    - Hormone involved in triggering ovulation.

Respiratory System

• Cilia
    - Microscopic hair-like structures that filter inhaled air.
• Mucus
    - Acts to trap particles, dust, and pathogens in the airways.

Skeletal System

• Axial Skeleton
    - Comprises the skull and spine.
• Cervical Vertebrae
    - There are 7 cervical vertebrae in the human neck.
• Femur
    - The longest bone in the human body.

Muscular System

• Muscle Attachment Points
    - Origin: The stable attachment point of a muscle.
    - Insertion: The movable attachment point of a muscle.
• Sphincters
    - Muscles that function to close openings in the body.

Visual System

• Sclera
    - The white outer layer of the eyeball.
• Retina
    - Contains photoreceptors that detect light.
• Lens
    - Responsible for the refraction of light to focus images on the retina.

Acid-Base Balance

• pH Levels
    - Normal pH range for human blood is between 7.35 and 7.45.
• Bicarbonate (HCO_3-)
    - Acts as a base in the blood.
• Hydrogen ions (H+)
    - Act as acids; balance with bicarbonate is crucial for homeostasis.

Gastrointestinal System

• Water Absorption
    - Most water absorption occurs in the large intestine.
• Amylase
    - An enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.
• Fertilization
    - Typically takes place in the fallopian tube.

Anatomical Planes

• Sagittal Plane
    - Divides the body into left and right sections.
• Frontal Plane
    - Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
• Transverse Plane
    - Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections.