Quiz Bowl History Bowl Studying

Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo Marathon 490 BC ended the invasion of Greece by Darius I of Persia, Pheidippides ran 26 miles to report victory to Athens Thermopylae 480 BC Persians defeated King Leonidas and 300 Spartans, name means hot gates Salamis 480 BC Themistocles led the Greeks to naval victory against Persians under Xerxes Cannae 216 BC Second Punic War victory for Hannibal Zama 202 BC Final major battle in Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal Milvian Bridge 312 Constantine the Great defeated Maxentius, named for a structure on Tiber River Tours 732 Charles Martel stopped al-Rahman's Muslim invasion of Western Europe Hastings 1066 William the Conqueror defeated the forces of Harold Godwinson, illustrated in Bayeux Tapestry Kadesh 1274 BC Largest chariot battle ever fought, draw between Hittites and Egyptians under Ramses II Agincourt 1415 During 100 Years War, fought on St. Crispin's Day, victory for Henry V over French Bosworth Field 1485 victory for Henry VII over Richard III as part of the War of the Roses Lepanto 1571 Don John of Austria led the victors in this naval battle that prevented Turkish prevented expansion Naseby 1645 Part of the English Civil War, first major victory for New Model Army led by Fairfax and Cromwell over Charles I Bunker Hill 1775 Actually fought on Breed's Hill near Boston, Prescott of Putnam said "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes" part of Revolutionary War, pyrrhic victory for British commander William Howe Saratoga 1777 NY Horatio Gates beat British Burgoyne, "turning point of the Revolution" Yorktown 1781 Final battle of American Revolution, Cornwallis surrendered to Washington, Lafayette, and Rochambeau Austerlitz 1805 Moravia, "Battle of the Three Emperors," Napoleon defeated Third Coalition (combined forces of Russia and Austria) Trafalgar 1805 Naval Victory for British Horatio Nelson (died in battle) against Franco-Spanish fleet, namesake square in London Leipzig 1813 aka Battle of the Nations, Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon, resulting in his exile to Elba Thames 1813 Part of War of 1812, fought in Upper Canada, US defeated Great Britain, resulted in death of Shawnee chief Tecumseh Waterloo 1815 Belgium, Seventh Coalition and Duke of Wellington's final defeat of Napoleon, after which he was exiled to St. Helena Alamo 1836 War of Texan Independence, Spanish Santa Anna ran over namesake mission, Crockett and Bowie died Antietam 1862 aka Battle of Sharpsburg, Maryland Civil War battle, bloodiest day of fighting in US history, McClellan beat Robert E Lee, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation afterwards Shiloh 1862 aka Battle of Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee, Confederate leader Sidney Johnston killed, victory for US Grant Fredericksburg 1862 Robert E. Lee defeated Ambrose Burnside in Northern Virginia 1 / 9 Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo Vicksburg 1863 US Grant besieged Mississippi City, allowing the Union to cut the Confederacy in half Chancellorsville 1863 Where Confederate Stonewall Jackson was killed by friendly fire, Confederate victory Gettysburg 1863 Pennsylvania, Little Round Top and Pickett's Charge were parts of this battle, George Meade defeated Robert E. Lee, later site of Lincoln's namesake address First Battle of the Marne 1914 WWI battle halted German offense on Paris and began the trench warfare phase Jutland 1916 Largest naval battle of WWI, Britain maintained dominance of North Sea Verdun 1916 Bloody battle WWI fought along Meuse River in France Leningrad 1941 900 day siege of namesake city Pearl Harbor 1941 "Day that will live in infamy," FDR Midway 1942 Naval battle, turning point in Pacific campaign WWII Coral Sea 1942 First battle to be fought only with carrier based airplanes, Allied Victory Stalingrad 1942 Soviet victory and turning point on eastern front WWII Bulge 1945 Allied victory, fought in Ardennes Mountains, Anthony McAuliffe replied to German demand for surrender with "Nuts" Iwo Jima 1945 famous photo in which Marines raise American flag on Mt. Suribachi First Bull Run 1861 first major battle of the Civil War, where "Stonewall" Jackson earned his nickname Henry VIII (1491-1547, r. 1509-1547) House of Tudor. The son of Tudor founder, he brought England into both the Renaissance and the Reformation. Henry VIII He patronized the philosopher Erasmus, the painter Hans Holbein the Younger, and the writer Thomas More. Henry VIII Originally a supporter of the Catholic Church--the Pope had named him "Defender of the Faith"--he named himself head of the Church of England in 1533 so that he could divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII He executed top ministers who crossed him, including Thomas Cromwell and Thomas More. Henry VIII He married six times, but only his third wife, Jane Seymour, bore him a son, the sickly Edward VI. Elizabeth I (1533-1603, r. 1558-1603) House of Tudor. Known as the "Virgin Queen" because she never married, as Henry VIII's daughter by Anne Boleyn, the Catholic Church considered her illegitimate. Elizabeth I After the death of her Catholic sister Mary I, She tried to restore religious order by declaring England a Protestant state but naming herself only "Governor" of the Church. Elizabeth I She foiled attempts at her throne by Spanish king Philip II and Mary, Queen of Scots; the latter she reluctantly executed in 1587. Elizabeth I Her reign saw great expansion of the English navy and the emergence of William Shakespeare, but when she died, the Crown went to Scottish king James VI, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. George III (1738-1820, r. 1760-1820) House of Hanover. Though he lost the American colonies in the Revolutionary War, Britain's economic empire expanded during his reign. 2 / 9 Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo George III While his ministers kept their lives, they fell from power frequently, including both William Pitts, Lord Bute, and Lord North. George III Popular at home, he suffered from porphyria, causing the "madness" that ultimately led to the Regency period (1811-1820) of his son George IV. Victoria (1819-1901, r. 1837-1901; Empress of India 1876-1901) House of Hanover. The longest-reigning monarch in British history, she relinquished much of the remaining royal power, Victoria both to her husband Albert and to her favored prime ministers, Lord Melbourne, Robert Peel, and Benjamin Disraeli. Victoria After Albert's death in 1861, she largely went into seclusion, though she influenced the passage of the Reform Act of 1867, which doubled the number of Britons who could vote. William the Conqueror (1028-1087, r. 1066-1087) House of Normandy. Duke of Normandy from 1035, he was promised succession to the throne by Edward the Confessor, William the Conqueror but when Edward gave the throne to Harold II in 1066, he invaded England, killing Harold and defeating the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings. William the Conqueror An able administrator, he authorized a survey of his kingdom in the 1086 Domesday Book. William the Conqueror By that time he had replaced Anglo-Saxon nobles and clergy with Normans and other continentals. Charles I (1600-1649, r. 1625-1649) House of Stuart. The last absolute English monarch, he ran into trouble almost immediately. Charles I His minister, the Duke of Buckingham, asked Parliament for money to fight costly foreign wars, and when Parliament balked, he had to sign the Petition of Right. Charles I From 1630 to 1641 he tried to rule solo, but financial troubles forced him to call the Short and Long Parliaments. Charles I His attempt to reform the Scottish Church was the last straw, as Parliament entered into the English Civil War. Charles I They defeated him, convicting him of treason and executing him. England became a Commonwealth with Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector. James I (1566-1625, r. 1603-1625) House of Stuart. At age one he succeeded his mother Mary as King James VI of Scotland. James I As the great-great-grandson of Henry VII, he claimed the English throne upon the death of Elizabeth I. James I He was the intended target of Catholic fanatic Guy Fawkes' failed Gunpowder Plot in 1605. James I A believer in absolutism, he dissolved Parliament from 1611 to 1621, favoring ministers Robert Cecil and the Duke of Buckingham instead. James I His rule saw English expansion into North America, through royal charter in Virginia and Puritan protest in Massachusetts. Richard III (1452-1485, r. 1483-1485) House of York. He was made Duke of Gloucester in 1461 when his brother Edward IV deposed the Lancastrian king Henry VI, as part of the Wars of the Roses. Richard III Upon Edward's death in 1483, he served as regent to his nephew Edward V, but likely had the boy murdered in the Tower of London that year. Richard III 3 / 9 Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo Two years later, he died at the hands of Henry Tudor's Lancastrian forces at Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses and beginning the reign of Henry VII. Elizabeth II (1926-present, r. 1952-present) House of Windsor. Representative of the modern ceremonial monarchy, she and her husband "Prince" Philip Mountbatten have traveled the globe representing British interests. Elizabeth II Marital failures by her sons Charles (the Prince of Wales) and Andrew have plagued her reign. John Lackland (1167-1216, r. 1199-1216) House of Plantagenet. Though he tried to seize the crown from his brother Richard while the latter was in Germany, Richard forgave him and made him his successor. John Lackland Excommunicated by the Pope for four years for refusing to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury, he was also weak as a fighter, as French King Philip II routed him at Bouvines in 1214. John Lackland A year later, England's barons forced him to sign the Magna Carta at Runnymede, an event that marked the beginning of the development of the British constitution. Charles II (1630-1685; r. 1660-1685) House of Stuart. While Cromwell ruled the Commonwealth, he was crowned King of Scotland in 1651. Charles II After Cromwell died, he used the Declaration of Breda to restore himself to the English throne. Charles II He fought two lackluster wars against the Dutch, and needed protection from Louis XIV through the Treaty of Dover. Charles II His wife Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate heirs, but this "Merry Monarch" has as many as 14 illegitimate children. Tolerant of Catholics, he dissolved Parliament over the issue in 1681 and refused to prevent his brother James from succeeding him. James II (1633-1701; r. 1685-1688) House of Stuart. The 1678 Popish Plot against Charles II would have elevated the Roman Catholic him to the throne, had it been real and not fabricated by Titus Oates. James II His three years, however, did feature heavy favoritism toward Catholics, so much so that Protestants invited his son-in-law William of Orange to rule England, deposing him in the bloodless Glorious Revolution. James II Exiled to Louis XIV's court, he made an attempt to regain his crown in 1690 but was routed at the Battle of the Boyne. Henry II (1133-1189; r. 1154-1189) House of Plantagenet. The son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, he married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, and invaded England the following year, forcing Stephen of Blois to acknowledge him as the heir. Henry II While king he developed the common law and due process, but fought with Thomas (à) Becket over submission to the Pope; he had Becket executed in 1170 but performed penance at Canterbury. Henry II Eleanor and his four sons conspired with French king Philip II against him on several occasions. Richard I (1157-1199; r. 1189-1199) House of Plantagenet. Third son of Henry II, he spent only five months of his reign in England. Richard I He went on the Third Crusade to Jerusalem, winning many victories in the Holy Land, but on his way back was captured and ransomed by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI. 4 / 9 Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo Richard I He also fought Philip II in Normandy, and died while defending his possessions in Aquitaine. Alfred the Great (849-899; r. 871-899) Saxon House. Actually just the King of Wessex in southwestern England, he expelled the rival Danes from the Mercian town of London in 886, eventually conquering most of the Danelaw territory. Alfred the Great He also kept England from the worst of the Dark Ages by encouraging his bishops to foster literacy; in addition, he translated Boethius, Augustine, and the Venerable Bede's works into Anglo-Saxon. George Washington 1789-1797, No party, Put down the whiskey rebellion, Jefferson resigned as a secretary of state, gave a famous farewell address that warned against alliances. Lived at Mt. Vernon. John Adams 1797-1801, Federalist, Appointed midnight judges, fought the quasi war with France, supported the Alien and Sedition Acts. Wrote part of Federalist papers. Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809, Democratic-Republican, Sent out Lewis and Clark expedition, bought Louisiana. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. James Madison 1809-1817, Democratic-Republican, Authored the Bill of Rights, led the country through the War of 1812., during which the white house was burned down. Had 2 VPs die in office (Clinton and Gerry). Lived in Montpelier. James Monroe 1817-1825, Democratic-Republican, The era of good felling president. Missouri compromise passed during his tenure. He was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was injured in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to his shoulder. John Quincy Adams 1825-1829, Democratic-Republican, Gained the presidency via the "Corrupt Bargain." Served as a representative from Massachusetts after being president, the only president to do so. Andrew Jackson 1829-1837, Democrat, "Old Hickory was his nickname, he won the battles of New Orleans and Horseshoe Bend. Born in Waxhaw South Carolina. He has the "kitchen cabinet", he supported the spoils system, enacted the specie circular and fought the bank of the United States. Martin Van Buren 1837-1841, Democrat, First president born after the revolution, nicknamed "the little magician", lived at home named Kinderhook. Was not reelected because of the economic crisis of 1837 in his tenure. William Henry Harrison 1841, Whig, Won the battle of Tippecanoe, presidential campaign had the "log cabin and hard cider" slogan. Served one month as president after catching pneumonia during his inaugural address. John Tyler 1841-1845, Whig, He was later disowned by his party. Wife died while he was in office, he lived at Sherwood Forest. James Polk 1845-1849, Democrat, First dark horse president. Only speaker of the house to become president. Added more territory than any other president and was known as "young hickory." Zachary Taylor 1849-1850, Whig, Nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready" and the "hero of Buena vista" for his victories in the Mexican War. Died in office. Millard Fillmore 1850-1853,Whig, Last Whig president, ran for president again in the Know Nothing Party. Franklin Pierce 1853-1857,Democrat, Only president born in New Hampshire James Buchanan 5 / 9 Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo 1857-1861, Democrat, Helped draft the Wilmot proviso, home was named "Wheatland", born in Pennsylvania. Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865, Republican, Tallest president, assassinated by Booth while watching "Our American Cousin", born in Kentucky, had some debates with Douglass over the Freeport doctrine. Received a patent for a device to lift ships over obstacles. Andrew Johnson 1865-1869, Republican, violated tenure of office act by firing Stanton and was impeached for it. Only president to return to Senate after his term. Ulysses Grant 1869-1877, Republican, Known for scandals Whiskey Ring and Credit Mobilier, which implicated Colfax and Babcock (his VP and a member of his cabinet). Was known as the "Butcher of Galena" and "Unconditional Surrender". Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881, Republican, Lost the popular vote in his controversial 1876 election over Tilden. he ended reconstruction. James Garfield 1881, Republican, Assassinated by Charles Giteau, nicknamed the "canal boy." Chester Alan Arthur 1881-1885, Republican, Member of the stalwarts and protégé of Conkling. Completed the Pendleton civil service act. Grover Cleveland 1885-1889, Democrat, Born in New Jersey, non consecutive terms, married in the white house, had an illegitimate child. Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893, Republican, Grandson of a president, his congress was the first to spend 1 billion dollars Grover Cleveland 1893-1897, 2nd term William McKinley 1897-1901, Republican, Known as the "Napoleon of Protection", famous secretary of state Hay, he had the Open Door Policy with China, assassinated by Czolgosz at the Pan-American exposition in Buffalo. Billionaire businessman Hannah helped him get elected Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1913, Republican, had the "Square Deal" domestic policy and the "big stick" foreign. Sent out the Great White fleet, protected the environment, got a Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for ending the Russo-Japanese War, home was called "Sagamore Hill." William Howard Taft 1913-1921, Republican, Grossly obese, served as a chief justice after his tenure, he had "dollar diplomacy" policy. Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921, Democrat, Gave 14 points after Versailles treaty, led the US through WWI, president of Princeton University, had a PhD, he had the domestic policy "New Freedom." Warren G. Harding 1921-1923, Republican, Had the slogan "return to normalcy", fraudulent tenure marked by the Teapot Dome Scandal, the "Ohio Gang" was his corrupt cabinet. He died of a stroke. Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929, Republican, Took lots of naps and said "The business of America is business" Herbert Hoover 1929-1933, Republican, Food administrator during WWI, considered bad because the Great Depression began during his tenure. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945, Democrat, Had polio, gave fireside speeches over the radio. Policy of "four freedoms", had the good-neighbor policy and the new deal. Elected to four terms. Harry Truman 1945-1953, Democrat, Defeated Dewey in election, though the newspapers stated "Dewey Defeats Truman". Gave decision to drop the bomb on Japan. Had the "Fair Deal" domestic program, responsible for the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961, Republican, President of Columbia University, first president of all 50 states, started the National Highway construction program. John F. Kennedy 6 / 9 Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo 1961-1963, Democrat, Wrote "Profiles in Courage", had alliance for progress program with South America, domestic program was known as "New Frontier" (referring to space), established the Peace Corps. Assassinated by Oswald. Affair with Marilyn Monroe. Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969, Democrat, Had the domestic program "Great Society" to help the poor. Richard Nixon 1969-1974, Republican, Gave the "Checkers" speech, resigned over the Watergate scandal, born in California, visited Russia and China and debated Kruschev ni the "Kitchen Debate" Gerald Ford 1974-1977, Republican, Was very clumsy, born Leslie Lynch King, born in Nebraska, pardoned Nixon. Jimmy Carter 1977-1981, Democrat, born in Plains, Georgia, work with Habitat for Humanity. Ronald Reagan 1981-1989, Republican, Born in Tampico Illinois, shot by Hinckley, president of Screen Actors Guild. George H. W. Bush 1989-1993, Republican, Navy pilot of WWII, ambassador to the UN, president of the CIA, lead during the Persian Gulf War. Bill Clinton 1993-2001, Democrat, Only one born in Arkansas, was Rhodes Scholar. George W. Bush 2001-2009, Republican, Born in Connecticut, master's degree in business Barrack Obama 2009-2017, Democrat, campaigned with "Yes We Can", Versailles Officially ended World War I and was signed in 1919. Versailles It was signed in its namesake French Palace. Versailles It is noted for the "Big Four" (Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd-George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando). Versailles It is also notable for up-and-coming figures who attended ( John Maynard Keynes, Ho Chi Minh, and Jan Smuts etc.) Utrecht It was a series of treaties signed in the namesake Dutch city. Utrecht It mostly ended the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). Utrecht They were signed by France and Spain in 1713 for one side and Britain, Savoy, and the United Provinces (The Netherlands) for the other. Utrecht It confirmed a Bourbon prince (Phillip, Duke of Anjou) on the Spanish throne (ending the Hapsburg control), but took steps to prevent the French and Spanish thrones from being merged. Utrecht Some Spanish possessions, including Sicily, the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, and Gibraltar, were given to the victors. Ghent It ended the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. Ghent It was signed in its namesake Belgian city, but due to distances involved, it could not prevent the Battle of New Orleans 2 weeks later. Ghent The treaty made no boundary changes and had minimal effect; both sides were ready for peace and considered the war a futile and fruitless endeavor. Portsmouth It was signed in 1905 to end to Russo-Japanese War. Portsmouth It was signed in its namesake city in New Hampshire after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he had won the Nobel Peace Prize). Portsmouth Japan had dominated the war and received indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but 7 / 9 Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more. Adams-Onis It was signed in 1819 to settle a boundary dispute between U. S. and Spain that arose following the Louisiana Purchase. Adams-Onis It was negotiated by then the Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and most notably sold Florida to the U. S. in exchange for the payment of its citizens' claims against Spain. Adams-Onis It also delineated the U. S.- Spain border to the Pacific Ocean leading to its alternate, the Transcontinental Treaty. Camp David Accords They were negotiated in 1978 at the presidential retreat of its namesake place by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. Camp David Accords They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. Camp David Accords This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981. Guadalupe Hidalgo It was signed in 1848 and ended the Mexican-American War and was signed in its namesake neighborhood of Mexico City Guadalupe Hidalgo Its most significant result was the "Mexican Cession" transferring California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of four other states to the U.S. It also made the Rio Grande the boundary between Texas and Mexico. Brest-Litovsk It was a "separate piece" signed in 1918 by the Bolshevik government of the new USSR and Germany. Brest-Litovsk The USSR needed to make peace to focus on defeating the "Whites" (royalists) in the Russian Civil War, and it gave up Ukraine, Belarus, and the three Baltic countries after Germany invaded, an outcome worse than a German offer which chief Soviet negotiator Leon Trotsky had rejected. Brest-Litovsk The treaty was negotiated in modern-day Belarus and was nullified by the subsequent Treaty of Versailles following Germany's defeat. Tordesillas It was signed in 1494 and ostensibly divided the New World (and, in later interpretations, the entire world) between Spain and Portugal Tordesillas It resulted from a bull by (Spanish-born) Pope Alexander VI granting lands to Spain and established a line west of the Cape Verde islands between future Spanish possessions (west) and Portuguese possessions (east). Tordesillas The line passed through Brazil, allowing the Portuguese to establish a colony there while Spain received the rest of the Americas. Endless wrangling and repeated revisions ensued. Peace of Westphalia It is the collective name for two treaties signed in 1648 ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic Peace of Westphalia It confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religio" (that a ruler's religion determined that of his country) introduced by the Peace of Augsburg, but mandated relative tolerance of other (Christian) faiths. Peace of Westphalia It adjusted the borders of German states and strengthened their princes with respect to the Emperor and transferred most of Lorraine and some of Alsace to France. 8 / 9 Quiz Bowl History Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hv0zo Lateran It created the independent country of the Vatican City, made Catholicism the state religion of Italy (ended in 1984), and determined the proper remuneration for Church property taken by Italy. Lateran It was signed in 1929 by Benito Mussolini and a representative of Pope Pius XI in the namesake papal residence and ended the so-called "Roman Question" that arose out of the unification of Italy and the dissolution of the Papal States. Paris Signed in 1898, it ended the Spanish-American War and transferred Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico to the U.S. while making Cuba (ostensibly) independent. Paris The treaty was the beginning of American imperialism and underwent a lengthy and contentious ratification. 9 / 9