Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton vs Appendicular Skeleton

• Comparison of Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton

• Includes anatomical positions:

  • (a) Anterior view

  • (b) Posterior view

Appendicular Skeleton

• Comprises of two main components: Upper and Lower Extremities.

Upper Extremity

• Components:

  • Pectoral Girdles

  • Arm

  • Forearm

  • Hand

• Joints:

  • Shoulder

  • Elbow

  • Wrist

Lower Extremity

• Components:

  • Pelvic Girdle

  • Thigh

  • Leg

  • Foot

• Joints:

  • Hip

  • Knee

  • Ankle

Pectoral Girdles

• Comprised of 2 Pectoral Girdles: left and right.

• Bones: 2 (Clavicle and Scapula)

• Joints: 2

  • Acromioclavicular joint (laterally)

  • Sternoclavicular joint (medially)

Scapula

• Significant anatomical features include:

  • Coracoid process

  • Acromion

  • Glenoid cavity

  • Suprascapular notch

  • Superior border

  • Superior angle

  • Subscapular fossa

  • Lateral border

  • Medial border

  • Inferior angle

• Views:

  • (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

  • (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

  • (c) Right scapula, lateral aspect

Clavicle

• Parts:

  • Anterior (Sternal) end

  • Posterior (Acromial) end

• View Types:

  • (b) Right clavicle, superior view

  • (c) Right clavicle, inferior view

• Features include:

  • Trapezoid line

  • Impression for costoclavicular ligament

  • Conoid tubercle

Humerus

• Important features:

  • Greater tubercle

  • Lesser tubercle

  • Intertubercular groove

  • Head of humerus

  • Anatomical neck

  • Deltoid tuberosity

  • Coronoid fossa

  • Lateral supracondylar ridge

  • Radial fossa

  • Medial epicondyle

  • Capitulum

  • Trochlea

• Views:

  • (a) Anterior view

  • (b) Posterior view

Radius & Ulna

• Views:

  • (a) Anterior view

  • (b) Posterior view

• Include detailed structures such as:

  • Head, Neck, and Tuberosity of radius

  • Olecranon process and Coronoid process of ulna

  • Radial notch

  • Neck

  • Radial tuberosity

  • Olecranon process

  • Trochlear notch

  • Coronoid process

• Joints:

  • Proximal radioulnar joint

  • Distal radioulnar joint

• Interosseous membrane

Movements of the Wrist

• Detailed articulated positions:

  • Hand in Abduction (Anterior [Palmar] View)

  • Hand in Adduction (Anterior [Palmar] View)

Pelvic Girdle

• Components:

  • 2 Hip bones (os coxae)

  • 1 Joint: Symphysis pubis

Bony Pelvis

• Composed of:

  • 2 Hip bones along with the sacrum/coccyx

• Joints:

  • Symphysis pubis

  • 2 Sacro-iliac joints

Definition of Pelvis

• Plural: Pelves

• Usage can vary:

  • May refer to bony pelvis

  • Pelvic cavity: the space surrounded by the bony pelvis

Structural Components of the Pelvis

• 2 Hip bones + Sacrum + Coccyx:

  • Coxal bone

  • Ilium (os coxae or hip bone)

  • Pubic bone

  • Ischium

• Major anatomical parts:

  • Iliac fossa

  • Iliac crest

  • Sacroiliac joint

  • Sacral promontory

  • Pelvic brim

  • Ischial spine

  • Acetabulum

  • Pubic crest

  • Pubic symphysis

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves (Table 8.2)

• General Structure and Functional Modifications:

  • Female Pelvis:

  • Titled forward for childbearing;

  • True pelvis defines the birth canal;

  • Cavity broad, shallow, with a greater capacity.

  • Male Pelvis:

  • Tilted less far forward, adapted for heavy build;

  • Cavity narrow and deep.

• Bone Thickness:

  • Female:

  • Lighter, thinner, smoother bones.

  • Male:

  • Heavier, thicker bones; markings more prominent.

• Acetabula:

  • Female: Smaller, farther apart;

  • Male: Larger, closer together.

• Pubic Angle/Arch:

  • Female: Broader (80° to 90°), more rounded;

  • Male: More acute (50° to 60°).

Femur

• Significant anatomical features:

  • Fovea capitis

  • Greater and Lesser trochanters

  • Trochanteric crest

  • Gluteal tuberosity

  • Linea aspera

  • Medial and lateral supracondylar lines

  • Intercondylar notch

  • Medial and lateral epicondyles

  • Patellar surface

• Views:

  • (a) Anterior view

  • (b) Posterior view

Patella

• Features include:

  • Apex

  • Facets for medial and lateral condyles of femur

  • Surface for patellar ligament

Tibia and Fibula

• Components:

  • Proximal and distal tibiofibular joint

  • Medial malleolus

  • Articular surfaces of medial and lateral condyles

  • Interosseous membrane

• Views:

  • (a) Anterior view

  • (b) Posterior view

Foot Anatomy

• Includes:

  • Calcaneus

  • Talus

  • Metatarsals

  • Phalanges (Proximal, Middle, Distal)

• Views:

  • (a) Superior view

  • (b) Medial view

  • (c) Lateral view

Arches of the Foot

• Types of arches include:

  • Medial longitudinal arch

  • Lateral longitudinal arch

  • Transverse arch