DR. CARLOS A&P1 9/30/25 Class Notes - Cell Structure and Function

Class Structure

• Overview of cell-related topics and assessment schedule.

  • Assessment to be completed at home; first exam next Tuesday.

  • Emphasis on understanding cell biology.

Cell Theory

• Cells are building blocks of all plants and animals.

  • Originates from pre-existing cells (cell division).

  • Types of cells: somatic (body) and sex cells (spermatozoa).

Mitosis and Meiosis

• Mitosis

  • Division of somatic cells; produces genetically identical cells.

  • Phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

  • Each daughter cell retains the same number of chromosomes.

• Meiosis

  • Division of sex cells; reduces chromosome number by half.

  • Important for sexual reproduction; results in genetic variance.

Cellular Structure

• Cells consist of:

  • Membrane (protection and isolation)

  • Cytosol (gel-like substance)

  • Nucleus (control center containing DNA).

• Organelles:

  • Mitochondria (95% of cell's ATP production).

  • Ribosomes (protein synthesis).

  • Lysosomes (cellular cleanup).

Membrane Transport

• Overview of active (requires ATP) and passive transport.

  • Osmosis and different solutions (isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic).

Tissue Types

• Four primary types of tissues:

  • Epithelial: covering surfaces, forming glands.

  • Connective: supports, connects, stores energy (e.g., blood, bone).

  • Muscle: allows movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth).

  • Neural: transmits electrical impulses; involved in reflexes.

Inflammation Response

• Signs: swelling, redness, heat, pain (known as signs of Celso).

  • Response to trauma or infection.