"Parlor" Metaphor and Rhetorical Engagement
Wayne Booth's Perspectives on Rhetoric and War
Wayne Booth's statement, presented at a writing teachers' conference shortly after the September 11 attacks, received a variety of responses. He poses critical questions regarding the function of rhetoric, traditionally defined as the art, theory, and practice of persuasion, in acting against war. Booth identifies rhetoric as an ethical art that emerges from intense listening and aims at mutual understanding, suggesting that these attributes provide alternatives to violence and warfare. In his analysis, he articulates that language and violence are two powerful tools for persuasion; when language fails, violence tends to dominate. Thus, Booth advocates for the ethical use of language as the most effective strategy to prevent violence and warfare.
Since the 9/11 events, Booth's insights have remained relevant amid ongoing conflicts around the globe, including those in Israel, Gaza, Ukraine, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Furthermore, gun violence has emerged as a significant issue in the U.S., with thousands of fatalities per year. For instance, in the year 2023 alone, there were reported eighty-two school shootings, with thirty occurring on college campuses at institutions like Michigan State, Morgan State, UC Santa Barbara, Umpqua Community College, and Virginia Tech. In response, advocacy groups such as Students Demand Action, Everytown for Gun Safety, and March for Our Lives have utilized powerful rhetorical strategies, including striking statements, to demand changes in gun safety laws and garner international attention.
The Ethical Nature of Rhetoric
Booth classifies rhetoric as an "ethical" art; this classification underscores the intention behind rhetoric, which can be based on good intent. However, it is essential to acknowledge that rhetoric can also be employed unethically—often with malevolent intent—as exemplified by historical figures like Hitler and various dictators. This misuse of rhetoric may precipitate violence. Consequently, ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle highlighted the necessity of understanding rhetoric not only to communicate ethical messages but also to discern and resist unethical rhetoric from others. Thus, the book defines rhetoric explicitly as the practice of ETHICAL communication.
Developing Ethical Language Use
To cultivate a careful, ethical approach to language, one must employ habits of mind focused on listening and seeking understanding prior to articulating one’s own thoughts. This involves a conscientious evaluation of personal beliefs before attempting to persuade others, which can be encapsulated in the imperative to THINK RHETORICALLY. The ability to think rhetorically is beneficial across various realms, including academic, professional, and personal contexts. In the workplace, rhetorical thinking might be exemplified through creating a fair shift schedule, ensuring no employee is burdened with excessive hours. Similarly, in academic settings, engaging in class discussions requires rhetorical thinking, necessitating active listening and reflection on the viewpoints expressed by peers.
For example, a group of college students became aware of the minimal wages of temporary workers on their campus. They engaged directly with the workers, gathering crucial information, and subsequently mounted a campaign utilizing various persuasive methods—such as flyers, social media, speeches, and sit-ins—to advocate for increased pay from the administration. This instance illustrates students thinking and acting rhetorically with a sense of responsibility, showcasing the collaborative nature of effective rhetoric.