DRAVIDIAN ARCHITECTURE-1

Dravidian Architecture Overview

Introduction

  • Origin of the term Dravidian: Derived from the Sanskrit word Dravida, meaning relating to the Tamils.

  • Dravidian Architecture primarily includes South Indian architectural styles, contrasting with Northern Nayara Architecture.

  • Architectures categorized regionally (South Indian, Indonesian) and by Dynasties/Rulers (e.g., Pandavas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas).

Key Texts and Their Contributions

Important Shilpa Texts

  • Mayamata and Manasara: Circulated between the 5th to 7th century CE, serve as guides on Dravidian Vastu Shastra.

  • Isanasivagurudeva Paddhati: 9th-century text describing construction practices in South and Central India.

  • Brihat-samhita by Varāhamihira: 6th-century manual detailing Nagara style of Hindu temples.

  • Agamas: Non-Vedic scriptures outlining temple construction methods, worship practices, philosophical doctrines, and types of yoga.

Essential Features of Hindu Temple Architecture

Core Elements

  • Garbha Griha: Inner sanctum where the deity's image resides; open for rituals and adorned with clockwise paths.

  • Shikhara/Vimana: Tower-like structure over garbha griha; in South, it is referred to as vimana.

  • Parikrama Passage: Circumambulatory passage for worshippers.

  • Mandapa: Congregational hall for gatherings.

Architectural Principles

  • Defined by Shilpa Shastras and Vastu Shastras, allowing for aesthetic creativity that incorporates geometrical and mathematical elements.

Key Components

  • Kalasa: Symbolic water pot on top of the shrine.

  • Amalaka: Circular stone disk usually placed above the sanctum.

  • Maha Mandapa and Ardhamandapa: Important hall structures adjacent to the sanctum.

Historical Context of Dravidian Architecture

Influences Before Distinct Dravidian Style

  • The early influence of kingdoms like Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas played a vital role in developing Dravidian architecture.

Key Historical Temples

  • Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple: Early inscriptions date between 100 BCE - 100 CE; known for its vast area and active temple complex.

  • Veetrirundha Perumal Temple: Dates to the Pre-Pallava era; notable for layers of its construction showing evolution over the centuries.

  • Subrahmanya Temple at Saluvankuppam: Features a dual-layer of temple constructions, showcasing unique brick and granite combinations.

Architectural Developments during Various Dynasties

Pallava Dynasty (3rd - 9th Century CE)

  • Pivotal in Dravidian architecture with influential structures like Shore Temple; notable for cave and structural temples.

  • Kailasa Temple, Vaikunta Perumal Temple: Illustrative of early architectural mastery.

Chola Architecture (9th - 13th Century CE)

  • Flourishing of grand temples, exemplified by Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur, noted for immense scale and craftsmanship.

  • Utilization of resources gained from conquests to fund temple constructions.

  • Mid and Late Phases: Transition from smaller structures to monumental designs reflecting power and devotion.

Badami Chalukya Architecture (5th - 8th Century CE)

  • Notable for developments in rock-cut and structural temples blending earlier styles and innovations.

  • Virupaksha Temple: A key structure demonstrating both stylistic influences and a transition in temple building.

Hoysala Architecture (11th - 14th Century CE)

  • Distinguished by elaborate ornamental designs and profuse decorations, using soft soapstone for detailed carvings.

  • Chennakesava Temple: Features stories and secular life, highlighting the cultural enrichment of the period.

Summary of Architectural Features

  • Architectural Unity: Distinguished Hoysala temples demonstrate integration of structural elements into cohesive designs.

  • Intricate Carvings: Subjects include mythological narratives, societal structures, and robust beauty in craftsmanship.

  • Pillars and Mandapas: Characterized by decorative elements with representation of divine beings and significant narratives.

  • Innovative Use of Space: Each temple evolved to have complex planning, enclosed courtyards, and expansive grounds.

Conclusion

  • Dravidian architecture encapsulates not only aesthetics but cultural, historical, and religious narratives integral to South India’s identity.

  • The evolution spans various dynasties, each enhancing the architectural landscape with unique features, contributing to a rich tapestry of spiritual expression.