en-Zoom_TRANSCRIPT-PHIL 215 Contemporary Moral Issues_ Introduction_ A Pluralistic Approach to Contemporary Moral Issues (1).txt

Chang-Seong Hong: Hello, everyone. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah, this is your professor turns along again. And now, I will not discuss some some basic issues, some more of philosophy. As an introduction to our course. Chang-Seong Hong: Our textbook has this as a chapter, an introduction to motor issues. Chang-Seong Hong: The thing is that the contemporary motor issues. So also a pot of motor issues and traditional model theories have a provided theoretical backgrounds that constitute Chang-Seong Hong: the foundation of. And this foundation will help you understand the very nature of our Chang-Seong Hong: more contemporary motor issues. And also these background knowledge. Chang-Seong Hong: we'll help you write better essays of which the grades will count toward your final grade. So Chang-Seong Hong: although what I'm going to discuss today does not have the direct connection. Chang-Seong Hong: the very topics of your a sales, Simon. Chang-Seong Hong: what we are going to launch today. Now, with this video clip is going to constitute the very foundation of more than that, you need to write good essays. Chang-Seong Hong: So it does pay attention to what our textbook has about this. Chang-Seong Hong: Let me share the screen, then. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah, as I wrote to my Chang-Seong Hong: remember, season as well I use Chang-Seong Hong: Amazon. Can the copy what I will? Chang-Seong Hong: It's about. Chang-Seong Hong: So this is the cover. Contemporary model issues on both addition. I'm out of the time, tested Chang-Seong Hong: command. Chang-Seong Hong: and that ours kept. The platforms prefer to stop very important, or, of course, but introduction a pluralistic approach it to contemporary motor issues. Chang-Seong Hong: This is important. Chang-Seong Hong: and Chang-Seong Hong: it has many topics. Take a look at those tiny models every once more, or absolute. He's some relativism, probation, etc. Etc. Chang-Seong Hong: And modality as consequences, morality as act and intention, so many different topics, so no instructor can teach every topic in the given textbook. Chang-Seong Hong: So I focus on only the most important topics of this chapter Chang-Seong Hong: chapter on Introduction to the entire thanks to book. There you are Chang-Seong Hong: as far as okay. Understanding more. What you need to understand Chang-Seong Hong: is this, yeah, this is a philosophy class. Chang-Seong Hong: and in philosophy there is no definite answer to any great. Chang-Seong Hong: So since there is no exactly to answer Chang-Seong Hong: that what exist is a series of arguments, arguments against each other. And so in the middle of trying to find an answer, although there is no definitely to answer, yeah, in the midst of trying to Chang-Seong Hong: find a better. And so we come to understand the nature of the problem better. Chang-Seong Hong: And also we come to have better arguments. So Chang-Seong Hong: what is very interesting is, there is no definitely true. And so, but there is always a panel. And so. and there's always a pedal essay that is better written than the orders. Chang-Seong Hong: and it says the better arguments. And there are answers. But you get better grades. That's that's how it is as you don't agree with me. Chang-Seong Hong: Okay. so Chang-Seong Hong: let me read some of these sentences to the most input on okay. Chang-Seong Hong: the issues we'll consider in the following chapters. In this textbook they are often issues about which people participate deeply and passionately. Chang-Seong Hong: Abortion. Yeah. very controversial issues, stamp, survey, search. Chang-Seong Hong: euthanasia, the desk, penalty, racism, sexism, or sexuality. We fail World Hong Kong and more R and environmental issues. But we are under about 80. Up to third of these issues Chang-Seong Hong: this session. all our areas characterized by fundamental. So be months of an intense. Sometimes Chang-Seong Hong: this situation is made even more perplexing by the fact that in all of these. Chang-Seong Hong: It's such as good arguments. In support of this position they all good. In other words. Chang-Seong Hong: these are not the base and which one side is so obviously wrong Chang-Seong Hong: that only moral provided is what it will Chang-Seong Hong: out. First position Chang-Seong Hong: genuinely good. This is important, generally good. We're in phones. And we're intentioned. People find themselves on a porting size of these issues Chang-Seong Hong: for live pro choice. Chang-Seong Hong: The thing is that both parties. Well, they are. We're intention, and we're informed people. Chang-Seong Hong: Yes, they have this every month of the same issues. Chang-Seong Hong: Thus now it does. We cannot easily dismiss those disabilities by just saying that one side is wrong in some irrational or malevolent way. Chang-Seong Hong: Ultimately, these are the so many months along intelligent people of good we are. Chang-Seong Hong: This is why it's so interesting. It is precisely it's fact that makes them so disturbing. But Chang-Seong Hong: that's absolutely interesting. Suddenly, part of moral silvery month can be a tribute to ignorance. So we're about the troubling part. Chang-Seong Hong: What is this discuss on us in in this contemporary moral issues? The troubling part is the moral dis every month of an informed and Chang-Seong Hong: yes. that is why this is. Controversy is still going on. Chang-Seong Hong: Okay. Chang-Seong Hong: for there are some categories, such as motor absorptism, relativism, and prototypes, and for all purposes. They are not very important. But I strongly encourage you to read this Chang-Seong Hong: at least once again. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah, interesting. Chang-Seong Hong: interesting. But we have a limited time, and Chang-Seong Hong: professors are always Chang-Seong Hong: otherwise, to make a video create as soon as possible. So I skip many. Chang-Seong Hong: Now let me re this. This precisely distension between the visual viewpoints are living in a common war that lies at the heart of this. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah. So I skipped many phases. But I was to viewpoint. It's not intended to create a written portion of those television news shows, but people constantly shout at one another. I don't watch TV, but I know what this is about. Okay. Chang-Seong Hong: rather, these selections indicate the range of the in size with which we approach the issue in question. Chang-Seong Hong: A challenge that is for us. I said. Chang-Seong Hong: the forward, your common ground. But I know this is the of the conflict in size, but also establish a minimum area of agreement, so that we can live together with our policies. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah, I they. This is what we want. I mean, it's impossible for us for everybody to agree on every detail of the issue. Chang-Seong Hong: But if you could have some kind of agreements of the minimal area. minimal amount of agreement so that we can live together with our differences in the same society. That is what we want. Chang-Seong Hong: the mother. This book strives to emerate. It's not the one-sided monarch it's Cr to have the absolutely through us. Chang-Seong Hong: No, I's the society that contains no basis for consensus. Chang-Seong Hong: Rather it is the mother Chang-Seong Hong: how the government. and which diversity. so do you. Month. Chang-Seong Hong: compromise and consensus, the science of vitality. What the author, Lawrence Himman, uses the example of government, Us. Government, which has 3 branches covered as the court and the administration, and there is a balance of power. So we tried secure diverse team. Chang-Seong Hong: and these 3 branches may have so 3 months to each other, but they all from compromise. Chang-Seong Hong: I mean, they reach some compromise and then consensus. These are the signs by. like the United States. Chang-Seong Hong: Okay, this is the kind of things that we want to achieve through Chang-Seong Hong: through discussing the topics of contemporary motor issues. Chang-Seong Hong: Okay? Chang-Seong Hong: And Chang-Seong Hong: and the now the most important 3 kinds of model theories. Chang-Seong Hong: First, one is about about the Chang-Seong Hong: the morality as consequences. We are able to talk about utilitarian. You may have Chang-Seong Hong: let me read it. Chang-Seong Hong: What makes an action more, or a good for many of us. What comes the consequences? Yes. Chang-Seong Hong: the right action is one that produces the best consequences. Very common sense call Chang-Seong Hong: those who subscribe to this partition a called consequentialist. Chang-Seong Hong: and Chang-Seong Hong: it's pretty important for them. Of this. Consequentialism is Chang-Seong Hong: authoritarianism. According to this. Chang-Seong Hong: we ought to do what produces the greatest or or good consequences for everyone. Well, act in such a way that your action will produce the largest. Chang-Seong Hong: I principle largest number of people. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah, that's it. Chang-Seong Hong: It is consequentialist, yes, consequences, or like Chang-Seong Hong: and computational. Sorry. Chang-Seong Hong: it hurts that the promise tomorrow disputes can be richer Chang-Seong Hong: by computing consequences. Yeah, many, many economists Chang-Seong Hong: they are, they try to compute consequences. So Chang-Seong Hong: government policies, especially economic policies. Chang-Seong Hong: And this is the fraction of it. Chang-Seong Hong: And the Chang-Seong Hong: that's well, no more on thorough theory is perfect as it is. So it's a it's, it's one strength, and also a weakness. Chang-Seong Hong: We cannot go into over the details. This is about contemporary motor issues, but not about the fundamental theories. So more of philosophy in general. So Chang-Seong Hong: so we have to move on. Chang-Seong Hong: Now morality is act an intention. This is what is called Chang-Seong Hong: the ontology, d, e, o, n t o. Chang-Seong Hong: that means that Chang-Seong Hong: the reality lies in performing X according to the laws Chang-Seong Hong: trying to perform the duties. That's the okay. Chang-Seong Hong: So that's her. So don't just try to far off. Just Chang-Seong Hong: try to do X that produce good Chang-Seong Hong: consequences. Actually. we need to guide ourselves into following the law for morality Chang-Seong Hong: do not count on the consequences. This tab Chang-Seong Hong: try to follow the laws of other laws. Chang-Seong Hong: That's our duty. And there's another for John of motor philosophy. Chang-Seong Hong: This is traditionally important. Okay? Chang-Seong Hong: And what is very important for more act is proper intention. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah, I skip some away in which acts can be good or pad is that they are done from the proper notation with the correct intention. Chang-Seong Hong: So a good, we are mixed, a given act a more, or they could act. Chang-Seong Hong: This is the story. I. It makes sense. Chang-Seong Hong: Okay, this is the you, the famous John, one for us, for Chang-Seong Hong: in eighteenth century a mother. Chang-Seong Hong: So, according to him, yes. Chang-Seong Hong: acting for the sake of duty Chang-Seong Hong: to come up. Chang-Seong Hong: Oh, I'm sorry. I I'm sorry Chang-Seong Hong: I'm sorry Chang-Seong Hong: it. So Chang-Seong Hong: this sorry Chang-Seong Hong: for the second duty. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah. And there it. Yeah, there should be no space again. There is no shortage candidates for more, or, except for intentions. a sense of duty universal. It's a respect for other person. Chang-Seong Hong: but density carrying compassion. These are but a few of the acceptable moral motivations can see the first of all, the motive of duty Chang-Seong Hong: can't argue. Chang-Seong Hong: so it gives an action more award. Chang-Seong Hong: It's that it's done for sake of duty. These eyes. Chang-Seong Hong: the morally at the Marlborough poison is the one who it is ply in credentials that can't free as directing solely because it's the right thing to Chang-Seong Hong: the person who contributes to charities out of the sense of duty. It's morally fast period. Chang-Seong Hong: The person who does the same thing to look good in the eyes of others. Chang-Seong Hong: despite the fact that the consequence is maybe the same. Chang-Seong Hong: Yes, it is our duty to Chang-Seong Hong: Are the people in the. So we must borrow. Chang-Seong Hong: I'll do it Chang-Seong Hong: it, regardless of the consequences that we produce in the future. Chang-Seong Hong: That's this contest, the ontology. Chang-Seong Hong: and you know what this is. What is called the universal liability principle can't so duty as emanating from the nature of reason, serve. Chang-Seong Hong: This is very interesting. Chang-Seong Hong: The reason is universal, our reason is we also so duty, which M. A. Is from the nature of reason, is also universal. Chang-Seong Hong: I suggested an important past from what I. Whether our understanding of duty was rational in any particular instance. Chang-Seong Hong: we always act, he maintained, with a subjective rule or a maxim that guise our decision Chang-Seong Hong: is this maximum one that everyone can accept? Or is it one? The fair is this test Chang-Seong Hong: of universalizability? Yeah, this requires some some explanation. well, I would use a different Chang-Seong Hong: then I would text the books. Chang-Seong Hong: can't use this to exempt performance. Suppose that you have You have a rule, your Chang-Seong Hong: that correctly. You promise when nobody is convenient to you. Yes. I'm going to break promise whenever it's convenient to me. Chang-Seong Hong: I'm gonna make him my maxim. the rule. the correct he of my motor? Chang-Seong Hong: Can it be universalized, and in such a way that I can make it a motor for everybody? Chang-Seong Hong: Oh, it cannot be universalized, because if the rule is universalized, everyone will begin to break their armies, but that is convenient to him or her Chang-Seong Hong: that no one is going to believe in any walls of promise any more. And so what this core does institutional promise will collapse immediately. Chang-Seong Hong: So if you have a rational person with the reason you cannot rationally read Chang-Seong Hong: that kind of rule to be universally applicable. Chang-Seong Hong: So it's impossible to make Chang-Seong Hong: our system institution of promise in that way. If you have a rational person. Chang-Seong Hong: so Chang-Seong Hong: any more or all. Chang-Seong Hong: if it was to be a motor low. Chang-Seong Hong: it must be universalizable. It must be universally apply to everyone Chang-Seong Hong: in this world if it cannot be universalized that way. Chang-Seong Hong: and it's not cortified as a motor law, or or Chang-Seong Hong: that's what this is about. Chang-Seong Hong: Notice the. It's not the consequentialist one. It's not asking what would happen to society problem. Live. Chang-Seong Hong: I'll break his promise rather. He's seeing the Southern maxim so inconsistent. And this is irrational. Chang-Seong Hong: Okay? Chang-Seong Hong: And the critics say that. Okay, this universalizability requirement of the Chang-Seong Hong: then maybe necessary conditions promoter sufficient. What is it that makes? Can't? Is you sufficient? Chang-Seong Hong: That's sorry respect for other persons. Chang-Seong Hong: Yeah, this is what this principle for the respect for other persons is what we're supplement Chang-Seong Hong: on universalizability. Universalizability to transport is the kind of structure or the phone. Chang-Seong Hong: and though it needs to be flashed out with this, this principle for the respect for other persons, that is, the flesh. Chang-Seong Hong: The contents not just a form, but contents. can't afford another formulation of his basic model inside Chang-Seong Hong: the what it is is the far we should never treat people merely as things. Chang-Seong Hong: Rather Chang-Seong Hong: we should always respect them as autonomous. Chang-Seong Hong: And so so we Chang-Seong Hong: the job respect as possums. as motor as well. Chang-Seong Hong: We wear it. Chang-Seong Hong: and the we are the only one rational creatures in this world. We are the only one kind of aisons who who have moral decisions to make. Chang-Seong Hong: and we are autonomous. not any other creatures in this board. Chang-Seong Hong: So with the Joe respect. So we should never be Chang-Seong Hong: it only as means. Chang-Seong Hong: but always at the same time as we should be treated always at the same time as ends. Okay. Chang-Seong Hong: employers can hire employees, but they are obviously some so they can. They can use their Chang-Seong Hong: their employees labels as means, but they should never treat their employees only as means Chang-Seong Hong: employees. Chang-Seong Hong: since they are parsons, should they be treated as persons and should be respected as such? Chang-Seong Hong: So Chang-Seong Hong: yeah, or humans, and that this is the content of the motor low that we must viral any laws any more, or laws that will not have these contents are not more. Chang-Seong Hong: and that's enough for Chang-Seong Hong: contest the on to. Chang-Seong Hong: So we talked about. and the Chang-Seong Hong: follow your duty Chang-Seong Hong: from your duty. Follow the wrong. Yeah. Chang-Seong Hong: Now, the third most important, the branch of model for last piece is Chang-Seong Hong: a view about the morality as character. This is what is called all through this. This is about the Chang-Seong Hong: we try to make ourselves as virtual as more agents Chang-Seong Hong: that there we go. Chang-Seong Hong: There's contrast between act oriented ethics, such as theitarianism, consequentialism, and Chang-Seong Hong: yes, they are at to oriented at this, and character oriented at this. This is about. Chang-Seong Hong: I think, sometimes called, I think, sometimes called Chang-Seong Hong: in contrast to the preceding act, oriented approaches. It does not focus on what makes X right or wrong, rather, it focuses on people and their motor character. Chang-Seong Hong: Instead of asking, What should I do? Chang-Seong Hong: Those in this tradition ask, what kind of passage does it try to be? This gives a very different focus to motor life. Chang-Seong Hong: Yes. Chang-Seong Hong: okay. Chang-Seong Hong: And we will use these 3 major practice model theories Chang-Seong Hong: in order to understand the rest of the Chang-Seong Hong: so this is about it. Yup. Chang-Seong Hong: I'm sure you have some questions. But Chang-Seong Hong: I strongly encourage you to read this chapter on this production carefully just once once is enough, sure. And Chang-Seong Hong: the author of this proof wrote very clearly. and the responsible, well organized. and the outcome that he has selected to supplement his his materials in this textbook. Chang-Seong Hong: Many of them are return clearly for some small number. Chang-Seong Hong: of course. Chang-Seong Hong: So those very clear. It's not because if you read them once that's good enough. But in this Chang-Seong Hong: this introduction requires just one reading, but you must read it once. Then some of the questions you might have had in your mind. Chang-Seong Hong: We'll be answered by reading the chapter once. Chang-Seong Hong: if if the questions still remains in your mind, you can always email me Chang-Seong Hong: respond to your Chang-Seong Hong: for the Zoom Meeting for for discussion. Chang-Seong Hong: Okay, that's about it. Thank you.