Research-Instrument

Page 1

  • Research Instrument Subject: Research

  • Teacher: Leo Mark Y. Ulep

Page 2: Research Instrument

  • Definition: A device used to collect data.

  • Instrumentation: The course of action involving the development, testing, and use of the device.

  • Factors for Choosing Instruments:

    • Nature of the problem

    • Population under study

    • Cost of the survey

    • Time factor

  • Qualities of a Good Research Instrument:

    • Validity

    • Reliability

    • Usability

Page 3: Categories of Research Instruments

  • Mechanical Devices:

    • Used in physical sciences (microscopes, telescopes, thermometers, rulers, and monitors).

    • In social sciences: tape recorders, cameras, film, and videotape used in nursing and data collection.

    • Laboratory tools for chemical and biological research and application in industry and agriculture.

Page 4: Categories of Research Instruments

  • Clerical Tools:

    • Used to study people and gather data on feelings, emotions, attitudes, and judgments.

    • Examples: filed records, histories, case studies, questionnaires, interview schedules.

Page 5: Types of Research Instrument

  • Questionnaire:

    • Most common type of research instrument.

    • Encompasses numerous questions seeking responses from respondents.

    • Collects data about beliefs, knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes.

Page 6: Types of Research Instrument

  • Types of Questionnaires:

    • Structured Questionnaires:

      • Short questions with specific answer options (e.g., yes/no).

    • Unstructured Questionnaires:

      • Open-ended questions allowing freedom in responses and opinion expressions.

Page 7: Types of Research Instrument

  • Checklists and Rating Scales:

    • Simplify and quantify behaviors and attitudes.

    • Checklists: lists of behaviors or characteristics searched by researchers.

    • Rating Scales: evaluate behaviors on a continuum (e.g., Likert scales).

Page 8: Types of Research Instrument

  • Likert Scale:

    • 5 or 7 point scale measuring agreement/disagreement.

    • Example statement: "I believe ecological questions are the most important issues facing human beings today."

      • Response options range from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5).

Page 9: Types of Research Instrument

  • Likert Scale Assumptions:

    • Attitude strength/intensity is linear from strongly agree to strongly disagree.

    • Can measure frequency, quality, importance, likelihood, etc.

Page 10: Types of Research Instrument

  • Interview:

    • Verbal communication either structured or unstructured for data collection.

Page 11: Types of Research Instrument

  • Types of Interviews:

    • Unstructured Interviews:

      • Conversational and flexible questioning, often longer.

    • Structured Interviews:

      • Use formal instruments with pre-designed questions and specific order.

      • Conducted face-to-face or via telephone format.

Page 12: Types of Research Instrument

  • Observation:

    • Collection method where the researcher observes the phenomenon being studied.

    • Necessary for gathering insights into the observed behavior or condition.

Page 13: Types of Research Instrument

  • Types of Observation Methods:

    • Participant Observer:

      • The researcher blends with subjects, collecting firsthand data while concealed.

    • Non-participant Observer:

      • Researcher watches subjects from a distance without interaction.

Page 14: Types of Research Instrument

  • Records:

    • Encompass all statistics and data kept by organizations and individuals.

    • Examples: census data, educational records, hospital/clinic records.

Page 15: Types of Research Instrument

  • Experimental Approach:

    • Testing hypotheses about causal relationships among variables.

    • Researcher controls the independent variable to observe effects on the dependent variable.

    • Mainly used in pure and applied sciences.

Page 16: Types of Research Instrument

  • Types of Experiments:

    • Laboratory Experiment:

      • Includes standard or developed procedures in controlled conditions.

    • Field Experiment:

      • More challenging due to uncontrolled environmental variables.

    • Computer Numerical Model:

      • Uses computer codes to create relevant models.

Page 17: Qualities of a Good Research Instrument

  • Validity:

    • Degree to which an instrument measures what it intends to.

  • Reliability:

    • Extent of dependability and stability of a test, requiring consistency.

  • Usability:

    • Degree to which a research instrument can be effectively used without excessive time or effort.

Page 18: Relating Validity and Reliability

  • Categories:

    • Reliable and Valid

    • Valid but Not Reliable

    • Reliable but Not Valid

Page 19: Conclusion

  • Thanks for Listening!