GEN-CHEM S2M

LESSON 1: Matter and It's properties

  • MATTER
    • Is anything that has mass and occupies space.
    • Everything on earth has mass and takes up space.
  • MASS VS WEIGHT
    • Mass – refers amount of substance
    • Weight – refers to the downward pull of object towards the center of the earth
  • Particles composing matter
    • ATOMS
    • These are the smallest unit of matter that can’t be broken down chemically.
    • MOLECULES
    • These are groups of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded.
    • IONS
    • These are particles that have gained or lost one or more of their valence electrons.
  • States of Matter
  • Solid - Rigid, fixed shape, fixed volume, cannot be squashed
  • Liquid- not rigid, no fixed shape, fixed volume, fixed volume, cannot be squashed
  • gas- not rigid, no fixed shape, no fixed volume, can be squashed
  • PLASMA
    • THE 4TH STATE OF MATTER
    • It is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.
    • The characteristics of plasmas are significantly different from those of ordinary neutral gases so the plasmas are
    • considered a distinct “fourth state of matter.”
  • Properties of Matter
    • According to changed involved during measurements of the property.
    • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • These can be measured and observed without changing the composition of the substance. (Length, elasticity, color, density,mass,pressure, volume and luster)
    • CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    • These are the ability of a substance to react with other substances such as air, water, and base.
    • Ex: Iron rusting, electroplating, burning wood, rotting, metabolism, vinegar and baking soda, fireworks, baking, chem. battery
  • Properties of Matter

  

  1. According to dependence on amount of matter. (Both physical)
  2. INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
    • It does not depend on the size or amount of the sample.
    • Temp, boiling point, concentration, luster
  3. EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
    • These can be affected by the size and amount of samples.
    • Weight, Length, Volume and Entropy
  • Physical Properties

 Physical Properties INTENSIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  • Chemical Properties

  

  1. COMBUSTIBILITY- Whether the substance undergoes combustion or not
  2. STABILITY- Whether the substance can be easily decomposed or not
  3. REACTIVITY- Whether it reacts with acids, bases, and oxygen, gas or not
  4. RELATIVE ACTIVITY - Whether the material is more active or less active than other members of its chemical family
  5. IONIZATION - Whether it will break into charged particles when in solution with water or not
  6. TOXICITY- Whether substance can damage an organism or not
  • Matter

  

  1. PURE SUBSTANCE
    • Possess definite, fixed and unvarying composition with unique set of properties
    • Made up of only one kind of matter
    • Elements:
      • Silicon(Si) - can conduct electricity, shine but brittle and chips easily like glass
      • Antimony(Sb)- metalloid, shiny but brittle like nonmetal
      • Boron(B)- Metalloid, somewhat shiny, conducts electricity but brittle like nonmetal
  2. COMPOUNDS
    • Substances that are made up of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms in definite proportions
    • Example: Caffeine
    • Bonds
      • Ionic – electron transfer
      • Covalent – electron sharing
      • Metallic – interaction between metallic elements
    • Organic – carbon
    • Inorganic – other elements
      • Acids – contains hydrogen, yields hydrogen ions in water solutions
      • Bases – contains a metal with hydroxyl group
      • Salts – combined positive and negative ions
      • Oxides – oxygen and other element
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  • SEPARATING MIXTURES

  

  1. Filtration – is a process of separating the components of a suspension.
  2. Decantation – the solid particles are allowed to settled first at the bottom and later, the liquid which is called supernatant is poured into another container leaving behind solid particle.
  3. Evaporation – is the process of converting liquid to gas, is useful in sorting mixtures such as salt solution.
  4. Distillation – is a process of separating a homogenous mixture composed of two substances with different boiling points.
  5. Magnetic Separation – is the process of separating elemental mentals from other particles in a mixture.
  6. Melting – is a process that can be used in extricating mixture that contain two substances with different melting points.
  7. Sublimation – is a process of changing solid to gas without passing through the liquid state.
  8. Centrifugation – the mixture is poured into a special tube in the centrifuge apparatus, and is allowed to spin using centrifugal force. The spinning motion forces the sediments to settle at the bottom. The liquid can be poured off from the solid particles.
  9. Chromatography – is another method of separating complex mixtures. It has various methods that can be used in separating mixture such as paper chromatography, which makes used of an adsorbent(filter paper or chromatogram paper), then separation depends upon the solubility of each component.
  • PURE SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS
    • Consumer Product – it is any item often bought for consumption.
    • Convenience Product – those that appeal to a large segment of the market or those that are routinely bought.
    • Household Cleaning Material – the most commonly used cleaning products are bleach, soaps, and detergents.
    • Personal Care Products – constitute a diverse group of materials that improve the overall appearance of a person.

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