other presidents 😭

John Quincy Adam’s Presidency

• The “Corrupt Bargain” is seen as furtive, elitist, and subversive of democracy   * Pretty much seen as not reasonably democratic

Adams had a miserable presidency

• Did not appoint his supporters to of
• Wanted to have more “diversity”   * This was a stunt for publicity reasons,   * Didn’t want to be seen as corrupt

Jackson's supporters in Congress thwarted Adams’ proposals

• This was successful

Adams happened to be one of the more successful secretaries of state but very unpopular as a president

Jackson Presidency

Election of 1824

• Known as “Favorite sons” (regional candidates)   * Adams - Northeast   * Clay - West   * Crawford - South   * Jackson - West
• Jackson won the popular vote / No candidate received a majority of the Electoral Vote
• Clay threw his support to Adams in the House of Representatives

Election of 1828

There was a split in the republican party (Northeast)

• National Republicans   * Adams
• Democratic-Republicans (Southwest)   * Jackson

The election was marked by banners/parades/rallies and the “get out the vote” effort

• This election is more like today’s elections

Mudslinging - Character assassination/attacking a candidate’s character and morals

Jackson wins a sectional contest

• Doubles votes from 1824
• Voting opened, even more, one did not need to be a landowner

Jackson’s First Term

Jackson employed the spoils system (“rotation in office”)

• This rewards the supporters of Jackson's with the public office (federal jobs)
• (“to the victor belong the spoils”)

The Nullification Crisis

• The tariff of 1828 was passed by Jacksonians in congress as a campaign to issue for the election of 1828 to embarrass Adams   * Protectionist/high rates   * Southerners named it the “Tariff of abominations” or the “Black tariff”

The Tariff was a scapegoat issue/south was truly worried about federal intervention with slavery

• (abolitionism and slave revolts occurring during this time period)

South Carolina and Nullification

The South Carolina exposition and protest explicitly proposed that South Carolina should “nullify” the tariff within state borders

• Written by vice president John C. Calhoun
• 1832, “Nullies” took control of South Carolina, declared a special convention/nullified the tariff/threatened secession if the feds enforced the tariff

Jackson, a southerner, was not a tariff supporter but was a union supporter

• Jackson privately threatened to hang the “nullies”

Jackson publically dispatched the navy and issued a proclamation against the nullification

Compromise

• 1833, Congress passes a force bill authorizing the collection of tariffs by military force   * Engineered by Henry Clay   * Gradually reduced tariff rates
• Later nullified force bill
• Henry Clay is seen as the hero of the crisis

  \

\

“Indian Removal” and Native Americans

• Jackson was committed to western expansion
• Native American tribes were recognized as separate nations/lands that were acquired through formal treaties
• Some white Americans believed that they could push the Native Americans out, while others believed they could be assimilated

Cherokees - Many made great efforts to assimilate and like whites they,

• Owned private property
• Adopted legal codes
• Owned slaves

They most likely wanted to fit in with the whites because they didn’t want to lose their land and be seen as the lowest race of people.

Sequoyah and Cherokee Alphabet

• Sequoyah’s name in English was George Gist
• In 1821, he completed his creation of the Cherokee syllabary, making reading and writing in Cherokee possible

1828, Worcester v. Georgia and the Indian Removal Act of 1830

The Georgia legislature redeclared the Cherokee tribal council illegally

• Georgia asserted jurisdiction over Cherokee lands

  → Supreme court recognized Cherokee sovereignty   * (The right of a group to be self-governing)

• Jackson refused to enforce the supreme court’s ruling (not democratic)

  → Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830   * This led to the terrible removal of Native Americans   * 100,000 Native Americans go west of the Mississippi river to “Indian territory”

    → This happens over a 10 - 15 year period

\

Jackson and the Bank War

• Like many westerners, Jackson distrusted big businesses run by the elite and wealthy   * → Jackson thought there was too much power and the banks were not accountable for the people
• The bank of the US was a private institution (very stable) that was an important part of the expanding US economy

US Economy

• The bank of the US was a symbol of eastern money interests
• Westerners distrusted the bank due to farm foreclosures during the panic of 1819

Clay and the Bank

• The US bank charter was not due until 1836   * → Clay pushed the charter 4 years early   * → He wanted to create an election issue for 1832

Election of 1832

New features

• More democratic (more voting)
• 1st and 3rd party appearance   * → Anti-masonic party (anti-Jackson party)
• Party platforms   * → Statement of party’s beliefs
• National nominating conventions   * → First president nominated at the national convention

Jackson Kills the Bank of the United States

• Jackson transferred funds to “pet banks”   * Which were state banks     * → This leads to a dependency on European banks     * → Also leads to the panic of 1837 (Jackson’s successor’s problem)

Panic of 1837

The panic of 1837 resulted from

• Speculation of western lands
• Financial problems abroad
• Crop failures
• Jackson’s bank war

Specie circular was an executives order made by Jackson in 1836 that would have western lands be bought only with gold and silver

• This was too little too late   * → Economic depression lasts for over 5 years

\ \

The Whigs

• This was a new party united by the haters of Jackson
• Made up of Clay supporters, southern “Nullies”, Northern merchants, industrialists, and protestants
• Located all over the country
• Conservative, yet progressive   * The whigs wanted government-funded roads, canals, railroads, telegraphs, prisons, asylums, and school national programs
• The Whigs just appeared as an identifiable group in the senate during 1814
• Clay, Webster, and Calhoun passed a resolution censuring Jackson for removing deposits from the bank of United States

Election of 1836

Dems - Van Buren

Whigs - Harrison, Webster, and White

• Buren inherited Jackson’s enemies but not his popularity
• Inherited the panic of 1837 due to Jackson’s BUS war and crop failures
• Bank failures in Britain affected the US economy
• Buren keeps Jackson’s “Hands off” approach to the presidency

Election of 1840

Dems - Renominated Van Buren

Whigs - Harrison/Tyler

• Tyler was more Dem than Whig

Harrison won and then died just 32 days into his presidency

Results of the Jacksonian Era

1. Triumph of populist    * Style of democracy overrule by aristocracy/elites
2. The durable two-party system established

   ### Two Party System

\