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Justice as Fairness

This theory presents justice in social cooperation, focusing on the basic structure of society and proposing a generalization of the social contract. Unlike traditional social contracts, it introduces procedural constraints to ensure fairness in the principles governing justice.

The Role of Justice

Justice is deemed the foremost virtue of social institutions, where unjust laws or institutions require reform. This theory emphasizes individual rights over collective goods, resisting the notion that some can be subordinated for the greater good.

The Subject of Justice

The main focus is on social justice and the basic structure of society, which encompasses the distribution of rights and duties through primary institutions. Societal injustices, particularly those stemming from economic and social origins, must be critically evaluated and addressed by principles of justice.

Main Ideas

The principles of justice arise from a hypothetical original position where parties are equal and rational, which forms the basis for fairness in social cooperation. Justice as fairness posits that good societal principles ensure just distribution of rights and duties, especially focusing on the least advantaged members of society.

The Original Position

The original position acts as the foundation for establishing justice principles, ensuring that agreements are formed under conditions of equality and ignorance of personal circumstances that might skew fairness. This leads to principles that promote equality and benefits for all, particularly those who are less fortunate without allowing for additional hardships on the disadvantaged for collective gain.