Vision Impairment

1. What can undetected and untreated vision problems cause difficulty in for kids?

     1. Reading 2. Copying from the board 3. Writing 4. Playing sports

2. What is visual acuity?

     1. the ability to see a small detail at 200 feet (20/20 vision)

3. What is myopia

     1. nearsightedness

4. What is amblyopia?

     1. poor vision in one eye

5. What are pursuits?

     1. continuous clear vision of moving targets

6. What are saccades?

     1. child looks from one stationary object to        another

7. What is strabismus?

     1. the eyes are misaligned

8. What is visual perception

     1. the total process responsible for the reception (sensory functions) and cognition (specific mental functions) of visual stimuli

9. What are visual receptive functions?

     1. visual fixation 2. acuity 3. accommodation 4. binocular fusion and stereopsis 5. convergence and divergence

10. What is visual fixation?

     1. maintaining of the visual gaze on a single location

11. What is tracking?

     1. Continued fixation on a moving object so that the image is maintained

12. What is scanning?

     1. Rapid change of fixation from one point to another

13. What is acuity?

     1. the capacity to discriminate the fine details        of objects in the visual field (20/20 means        you can perceive a small object at 20 ft)

14. What is accommodation?

     1. the ability of the eye to compensate for a        blurred image, as well as focus from looking at near and far points (copying from        blackboard)

15. What is binocular fusion?

     1. the ability to mentally combine the images        from the two eyes into a single percept

16. What is stereopsis?

     1. binocular depth perception or 3 dimension        vision

17. What is convergence?

     1. the ability for the eyes to turn in

18. What is divergence?

     1. the ability for the eyes to turn out

19. What do visual perceptual skills impact?

     1. Dressing 2. Eating 3. Reading 4. Math 5. Handwriting 6. Driving 7. Work 8. Play Skills 9. Social Skills

20. What is the dominant sense in human perception of the external world?

     1. vision

21. What percent of sensory receptors are allocated to vision?

     1. 70%

22. What is embedded in all areas of occupational performance?

     1. Literacy

23. What is vision a blending of?

     1. sensory information, new visual and motor input combined with previously store data then used to guide action

24. What do visual skills impact?

     1. motor performance

25. What is the Snellen Test?

     1. used in nurse's office at schools and pediatrician's office 2. measures visual acuity at 20 feet Expressed as 20/20 vision 3. Detects fewer than 5% of visual problems

26. What is the 3 component model of vision

     1. Visual Integrity 2. Visual Efficiency 3. Visual Information Processing

27. What does the 3 component model of vision suggest?

     1. areas where eye care professionals and OTs can collaborate for care

28. What is the one component model of vision?

     1. Visual integrity only 2. NOT detect the vision problems common in pediatric population

29. What is an optician?

     1. Someone who helps select eyeglass frames, prepare lenses based on script and fit them to the patient's face. Does not have training to conduct clinical testing

30. What is an ophthalmologist?

     1. MD, focus on visual integrity - high level,        most advanced degree, can do surgeries

31. What is an optometrist?

     1. Someone who focuses on the 3 component model of vision 2. evaluating the visual system to allow for Dx of visual conditions that can interfere with performance and QOL - look at child's vision in functional performance way

32. Who are referrals for?

     1. Optometrist who is a Diplomat in Binocular        Vision, Perception and Pediatric Optometry 2. A fellow in the College of Optometrists in        Vision Development (CVOD) 3. Behavioral Optometrist 4. Developmental Optometrist

33. What are physical signs of visual issues?

     1. Eye shaking 2. Blurred vision/double vision 3. Sensitivity to light

34. What are performance symptoms of visual issues?

     1. Clumsy 2. Difficulty with left to right sequencing 3. Difficulty reading, writing, copying

35. What are behavioral signs of visual issues?

     1. Rubbing of eyes 2. Squinting Increased head movement (turning or tilting)

36. What are social signs of visual issues?

     1. Decreased interest in environment 2. Anxiety 3. decreased social interaction 4. Lack of self-confidence

37. What are common visual impairments in children with CP?

     1. Refractive error 2. Strabismus Eye movements 3. Accommodative problems

38. What are common visual impairments in children with down syndrome and autism?

     1. Refractive error 2. Accommodative problems 3. Strabismus 4. Additional convergence issues in autism

39. What are the 7 ocular motor components in a vision screen?

     1. Eye dominance 2. Fixation 3. Convergence 4. Visual Field 5. Saccades 6. Pursuits 7. Accommodation

40. What are vision screenings?

     1. Symptom Questionnaire 2. Near Point Rule 3. Near point of convergence 4. Northeastern State University College of Optometry Eye Movement Test (NSUCO) 5. Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM) 6. TVPS and VMI

41. What is evaluated by an OT?

     1. Overall development 2. Skilled observation 3. Impact of visual impairment on quality of life

42. What are Visual-Cognitive Functions?

     1. Visual Attention 2. Visual Memory 3. Visual Discrimination 4. Visual Imagery

43. What is Visual Attention?

     1. Alertness 2. Selective attention - focused attention 3. Visual Vigilance 4. Divided or shared attention - engaging in one task and monitoring another

44. What is Visual Memory?

     1. The integration of visual information with        previous experiences.        Problems seen:        -mixing UC and LC        -unable to print the alphabet from memory        -poor legibility        -requires a model to write        -difficulty using calculator        -difficulty with completing multiplication        problems

45. What is visual discrimination?

     1. the ability to detect features of stimuli        (shape, size, form, position, and color) for        recognition, matching and categorization

46. What is recognition ?

     1. ability to note key features of a stimulus        and relate to memory

47. What is matching?

     1. ability to note similarities among visual        stimuli

48. What is categorization?

     1. ability mentally to determine a quality or        category by which similarities or differences can be noted

49. What is object (form) perception?

     1. Involves two systems, the abstract visual form system (AVF) and the specific visual form system (SVF) carrying information to multiple visual areas of the brain 2. Form Constancy 3. Visual Closure 4. Figure-ground recognition

50. What is Form Constancy?

     1. The recognition of forms and objects as        the same in various environments, positions and sizes.        Problems can be seen as:        -inability to recognize errors in own hand        -may not recognize letters in different        prints (manuscript to cursive), fonts and        sizes

51. What is visual closure?

     1. the identification of forms or objects from        incomplete presentations. Seen as difficulty with:        -inability to read a road sign with a tree        blocking a few letters        -inability to recognize objects with part of        object covered

52. What is figure ground?

     1. The differentiation between foreground        and background forms and objects. Difficulties can be seen as:        -difficulty finding item in fridge        -difficulty finding parent in store        -difficulty with organization        -difficulty with dressing (knowing front and        back of a shirt)

53. What is spatial perception?

     1. Position in Space 2. Depth Perception 3. Topographical Orientation

54. What is position in space?

     1. the determination of the spatial relationships of figures and objects to oneself or        other forms and objects

55. What is depth perception?

     1. The determination of the relative distance        between objects, figures, or landmarks        and the observer

56. What is topographical orientation?

     1. The determination of the location of objects and settings an the route to the location

57. What can position in space/visual spatial orientation difficulties be seen as?

     1. Poor spacing, letter sizing and placement of letters on the writing line (legibility) Difficulty with geometry

58. What is visual imagery?

     1. the ability to "picture" people, ideas, and        objects in the mind's eye even when objects are not physically present. Problems        can be seen as:        -difficulty with reading comprehension        -difficulty with spelling

59. What are OT interventions for children with visual impairments?

     1. Improve manipulation and fine motor skills 2. Maximize use of functional vision 3. Encourage socially appropriate behaviors 4. Encourage language and concept development 5. Strengthen cognitive skills 6. Maximize auditory perceptual abilities

60. What is OTs role in vision therapy?

     1. Saccades 2. Pursuits 3. Awareness of laterality (right vs left) 4. Visual discrimination 5. Figure ground 6. Closure 7. Visual memory 8. Visual motor integration

61. What does reading require?

     1. Visual attention 2. Visual memory 3. Visual discrimination skills

62. What is the best predictor of handwriting?

     1. Visual-motor integration skills

63. When are children ready for handwriting?

     1. When they can copy the first 9 forms on the VMI

64. How much of a student's time is spent working on near-point visual tasks?

     1. 50%

65. How much of a students day is spent on tasks requiring a shift in focus (such as copying from the board)?

     1. 20%

66. How much of a child's day places stress on the visual system?

     1. 70%

67. Of the children who have difficulty reading in 1st grade, how many have difficulty reading at the end of 4th grade?

     1. 88%

68. Are OTs primarily responsible for teaching students to read or write?

     1. No 2. OTs address the performance skills to support literacy outcomes

69. What do children with low vision rely on?

     1. Ear-hand coordination (rather than eye-hand)

70. When does ear-hand coordination develop?

     1. 1-2 years later than eye-hand

71. What sensation is highly refined in visually impaired children?

     1. Touch

72. What is the pattern of development in children with low-vision?

     1. Asynchronous 2. Normal developing cognitive and intrapersonal development

73. What are readiness skills for kindergarten?

     1. Color, cut and write name

74. What readiness skills do children with visual perceptual deficits have difficulty with?

     1. coloring, cutting, puzzles, legos, fasteners and shoe tying math, reading, spelling and handwriting

75. Who might an OT collaborate with in vision therapy?

     1. Optometrist

76. Visual foundation skills must be evaluated to differentiate perceptual dysfunction from visual system deficits. Which visual skill describes the clarity of vision for both near and far objects?

     1. Visual Acuity

77. When evaluating attentional deficits, multiple components of attention should be observed. Which for attention is impaired when a person is unable to attend to long conversations, instructions, class lessons, or movies?

     1. Sustained Attention

78. Visual foundation skills must be evaluated to differentiate perceptual dysfunction and visual system deficits. Which component identifies control of eye movements?

     1. Oculomotor Function