5. baroque
1660-1800
modern typography and the creation of the public sphere
baroque - 1600-1730
began in rome, a style of european architecture, music, and art, of the 17th and 18th centuries that followed mannerism and is characterized by ornate detail
dutch golden age and rococo
baroque art
the raising of the cross by rembrandt
the garden of love by peter paul reubens
use of cherubs, which represented purity and grace.
the toilet of venus by françois boucher
venus and adonis by peter paul reubens
baroque also was in statues and cathedrals
rococo art
palace of versailles
baroque is characterized by
exaggerated motion used to produce drama
exuberance
music
baroque is derived from barocco meaning irregular pearl and describes a fairly complex style that originated in rome, which flowered during the period 1590-1720
this is also the enlightenment era
printed material helped establish communities among readers, rather than geographical proximity
refinements of copperplate engraving provided detailed images
enlightenment
characterized by the rise of nationalism
scientific experiments in europe and north america
took unique graphic forms
dramatic expansion of print production
newspapers brought a new dynamic to publishing
new typefaces were added
first printed diurnal, 1641.
the public sphere depended on the availability of printed matter.
the first press was established in mexico city in the mid-1500s.
printing was important to new england in 1638.
bible printed in indian (native american) language
blackletter remained for emphasis
publishing was perceived as an aid to codifying and spreading scientific knowledge
also essential to administrative structures, accounting systems, etc
encyclopedia was created by dederot and d’arembert. the goal was for people to know things and inform themselves. they created a 35 volume work produced between 1751 and 1772. they had a page on how printing was made
newsbooks, broadsheets, and newspaper
news publications also generate an appetite for information
interest in scandal and crime has much to do with entertainment value as with utility
news ballads published in a broadsheet form began to appear in the sixteenth century.
news sheets focused on single tale or theme which appeared only as occasions arose
they offered moralizing commentary on the crimes that they reported, thus satisfying the taste for both scandal and property.
newsbooks were often prompted by gruesome crimes or scandals , such as a brutal murder of a man on the highway. the crying murder.
one type of forerunner to the newspaper was a system of private letters on matters of interests to a particular group.
a coffeehouse is shown with newspapers open on its tables and heated arguments being fueled by a combination of caffeine and inflammatory journalism.
the london gazette, masthead remained in place for centuries.
masthead - title on top of a page
in 1690, the first american newspaper public occurrences started but only ran for a single issue.
from their beginning, newspapers revealed the interconnections between commerce and politics.
printed ephemera created a public space for the exchange of information
ephemera - short term use items
a notice like this one advertised available routes and services for shipping goods.
in the 1690s, edward lloyd decided to publish weekly information to his clientele in coffeehouse.
lloyd’s list from 1740 is one of the world’s oldest continually running journals. it was published daily until 2013, and is only in digital format since then.
public sphere and french enlightenment
jean-jacques cousteau idea was to set limits on responsibility between state and its people
newspapers played a critical role through the french revolution
the french declaration of the rights of man and the american bill of rights both protect the rights to communicate thoughts and opinions
graphic arts and design
moveable type was further developed in the 17th and 18th centuries
modern type design
17th century became a highly specialized skill
matrices were brought and sold and printers were aware of the benefits of owning certain types
around 18th centuries, styles began to change
bishop john fell vice chancellor of oxford university took type punches to england from other countries such as holland.
juan claude polanco, the new art of writing.
roman du roi was a typeface developed in france beginning in 1692. it was commissioned by louis xiv. it stands as a landmark of typography. it was engraved by louis simoneau.
pierre-simon fournier was a french mid-18th century typefounder. his creation of initials and ornaments his design of letters and his standardization of type sizes by the point system. his typographic ornaments or fleurons were flowery forms that were designed to be used with the same combinational regularity with different fonts.
francois ambroise didot perfected the 72 points to the inch system elaborated in fournier’s manual typographique first published in 1764. the didot firm was also known for bringing a neoclassical sense to type.
william caslon and john baskerville
in the 18th century, william caslon and john bakersville brought distinction to british type design for the first time.
caslon’s typefaces were robust, versatile.
baskerville was also english, he was a businessman but is more known as a type designer. he invented blacker, denser ink. he pioneered the use of calendared paper that was rendered smooth and shiny by being pressed between hot plates.
baskerville faces sparkles with perfection. the phrase bakersville pains became synonymous with difficulty in reading of this typeface. each letter is exquisite on it’s own, and every formal detail is tended.
giambattista bodoni
italian printer and publisher. designed several modern typefaces. distilled letterforms into basic elements serifs, straight lines, and curved strokes.
his specimens contained 300 typefaces and point sizes for exotic scripts as well as roman and italic styles. his designs pushed the capacities of metal typing.
on the edge of industrialization.
william hogarth’s points epitomized the spirit of the age of enlightenment. his caricatures helped fix particular types in the public mind. his work was highly pirated. in response, he lobbied for the engraver’s copyright act of england which passed in 1735. sometimes referred to as the hogarth’s act. this was a big milestone in intellectual property in print culture.