WGU S1: cells, tissues, organization of the body

subatomic particles > atoms > molecules > cells > tissues > organs > organ system > organism

cytoplasm - the material inside of a cell besides the nucleus, held together by organelles

cell membrane is made of back-to-back phospholipids

^contains cholesterol

Glycoprotein, glycolipid

Ligand - connected to receptors and make them work

glycocalyx - the sugary, gel-like "coating" or outer layer covering the surface of many cells, and give one persons cells their own identity so your own immune system don’t attack it

organelle - like organs but for cells

cytosol - jelly like stuff in the cell holding all of the organelles together

Endoplasmic reticulum - the matrix of tubes surrounding the nucleus

  • rough ER - protein synthesis

  • smooth ER - lipid synthesis

ribosome are the little red dots on the walls on the endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus - looks like a stack of weird pancakes; and is like the post office for proteins synthesized by the ER

lysosome - the cells digestive system/recycling center

mitochondria- convert nutrients into ATP

Selective permeability - the cell membrane only allowing certain/necessary things

  • Passive transport is moving things across the cell membrane without using energy,

            ^passive transport uses Diffusion

            ^Facilitated diffusion uses protein channels and diffuses bc of the electrical charges

                Osmosis - water moving to lower concentrated areas of water

  • Active transport is moving things across using energy(ATP)

    • Sodium/potassium pump

    • Phagocytosis - “cell eating”

    • Pinocytosis - “cell drinking”

    • exocytosis - kicking materials outside of cell

NUCLEUS

  • stores the cell’s DNA and controls the cell’s activities by directing protein production and cell growth. It acts as the control center of the cell.

DNA

  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries genetic instructions for how a living thing grows, functions, and reproduces. It stores the information that tells cells how to make proteins and control cell activities.

  • Chromosomes are how the dna is stored inside the nucleus

Mitosis is when a cell nucleus splits in 2 and they are both functional

a Somatic cell is any cell that does not produce eggs or sperm

  • epithelial cell

  • blood cell

  • osteoblasts

  • fibroblasts

  • muscle cells

  • NEURONSSS

  • etc.

a germ cell is a sex cell

  • sperm

  • oocyte

Superior (cranial): toward the head or upper part of the body
Inferior (caudal): toward the feet or lower part of the body

Anterior (ventral): toward the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal): toward the back of the body

Medial: toward the midline of the body
Lateral: away from the midline of the body

Proximal: closer to the point of attachment or trunk
Distal: farther from the point of attachment or trunk

Superficial: near the surface of the body
Deep: farther from the surface, more internal

Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body
Contralateral: on opposite sides of the body

Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right halves.
Midsagittal (median) plane: divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Parasagittal plane: divides the body into unequal left and right portions.

Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.

Transverse (horizontal) plane: divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.

Oblique plane: cuts the body at an angle that is not one of the main planes.

Homeostasis is achieved by feedback systems in the body

  • Negative feedback loop: reverses a change to keep conditions stable. The response reduces or stops the original stimulus.
    Example: If body temperature rises, sweating helps cool the body back to normal.

    Positive feedback loop: increases or amplifies a change. The response strengthens the original stimulus until a specific outcome is reached.
    Example: During childbirth, contractions increase until the baby is delivered, or when a neuron receives a signal, the gates along the membrane of the neuron keep opening until it reaches the synapse