5.6

dentification/Key Terms:

Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-1860 … 403

• Ab lincoln - most astute republican party candidate

  • S didnt trust A.L → secessionist agitation

Lincoln’s Political Career . . . 403

• A.L - from a yeoman family → studied law & married aristocrat

• Ambitious Politician - 403

  • A.L - Whig in illinois legis → education, banks, canals/railroads

  • Kansas Nebraska Act → reaffirmed opposition to slavery

• The Lincoln-Douglas debates - 404

  • 1858 - A.L. ran for senate seat held by stephen douglas (pop sovereign)

    • “one thing or all the other”, “ house divided cannot stand”

    • after debate demos won & douglas reelected

The Union Under Siege . . . 405

• 1858 - repub party won cntrl of H.o.R → S demos divided

  • Moderates (ex: sen jefferson davis): S rights & polit/const slavery protections

  • fire-eaters(ex:Robert Barnwell Rhett SC): repudiated union & promoted secession

• Anti slavery Ns - John Brown 1859 → armed blacks & whites to raid federal arsenal @ Harpers ferry → failed → martyr

  • “advanced disunion” → Ss angered, Ns praised

The Election of 1860 . . . 405

• Demos: split

  • N & midewestern demos elected Stephen Douglas

  • S Demos elected John C. Breckinridge of kentuck

  • Bell - constitutional union

• Republicans: elected A.L → won from deep N & MW support

  • free soil, antislavery & equality

Scesson Winter, 1860-1861 . . . 407

• Lincoln’s electio → deep S frie-eater sucession fervor

  • 1860 - Deep S states suceded → met in montgomery AL to proclaim confederate states of America

    • jefferson davis - prez, Alexander stephens - vp

• Upper South - less succession fervor

• border slave states - white opinion divided

• Buchanan → timid, wanted compromise

  • John J. Crittenden: const protect slavery where it already existed & extend missouri compromiseline to cali border → repubs rejected

• Lincoln 1861 inaugural addres → return to union/face war

• 1861 - Jefferson Davis tried seizing fort Sumter → Lincoln repudiated w/ enthusiastic militia

  • N demos supported | Kentucky & Maryland - vital to union’s battle

• N - thought population → victory

• S - though cotton king → victory & aid from britain & france

Early Expectations  (416)

• confederates - recruits easy bc of masculin honor culture

• Jefferson davis - white Ss fought for “sacred rights of self gov”

• encourage slave revolt like john brown’s → S whites encouraged black man x white women relationships

• Lincoln: fall of union → detray repub govs

Campaigns East and West (417)

• S depended on King Cotton to purchas war supp

  • defensive, cld mobilize large armies

• N - Winfeild Scott(commanding gen): peaceful persuasion w/ eco sanctions & s ports blockades

  • Lincold - refused peace, used blockades

• Failed Attempts to Take Richmond and Washington(418)

  • 1861 Gen Irvin McDowell army → attacked S @ Manassas (Bull run) → retreated

    • A.L replaced Irvin w/ Gen George McClellan

  • 1862 - George McClellan to Richmond → McClellan fail → A.L withdrawl

    • Gen George McClellan vs Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson & Robert E. Lee

• Border Wars (419)

  • Lincoln - ordered G.M. to cntrl nw VA (few slaveholders)

    • 1861 - union leading voters → opted to create state W VA.

  • Battle for Maryland (slavery entrenched)→ Lincoln arrested confederate sympathizers until maryland secured

    • suspended habeas corpus - protects citizens from arbitrary arrest

      • confeds - unconst, unionists - cld do it if rebellion

  • Kentucky - secession vs union balanced

    • Ulysses S. Grant drove out confederacy invaders

      • kentucky pub opinion → against confeds

  • In end: union delaware, maryland, & kentucky

  • westerners - suspicious of ab lincoln

    • slave owning natives supp confeds → try to get more autonomy

  • 1861 - Battle of Glorieta pass - union turned down texan invaders fr silver & gold

• The Struggle to Control the Mississippi - (421)

  • Battle of Shiloh for Tenessee 1862

  • W/ kentucky → union dominated ohio river valley

  • 1862 - Gen Grant used riverboats w/ iron plates → captured fort Donelsom & Henry

    • Albert Sidney Johnston & P.G.T. Beauregard → suprise attack, defeated by Grant → withdrawl

      • largest amt of deaths so far

  • Battle of Pea Ridge 1862 for missouri (slave)

    • smll union army defeated confed force → secured missouri for union

  • New Orleans (S financial center)- captured by DavidG. Farragut naval forces

    • unions cntrlls ks plantations in area

  • All of this - confederate strength in mississippi river valley undermined

Antietam and Its Consequences (421)

• sept 17, 1862 - Jackson & Lee, Battle of Antietam for Maryland

  • Union advantage but casualties → let lee retreat to VA

  • bloodiest single day of US military history